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Retail Central Bank Digital Currency: A Review and Assessment
Retail Central Bank Digital Currency: A Review and Assessment
SUERF published a paper by David Llewellyn, Charles Goodhart and Alistair Milne that critically examines the potential benefits, costs, and risks of introducing a retail central bank digital currency (CBDC). The authors argue that while proponents highlight advantages such as maintaining trust in the monetary system, enhancing competition, and promoting financial inclusion, these benefits may not outweigh the drawbacks or be uniquely addressed by a CBDC. The authors highlight risks like disintermediation of banks, financial instability, cybersecurity threats, and privacy concerns. Plus, retail CBDC could struggle to become a significant payments mechanism with the necessary critical mass unless it can offer additional or better payments mechanisms than are already available with commercial bank money and the wide range of other payment mechanisms. The paper emphasizes the need for a thorough cost-benefit analysis.
#CBDC#SUERF#Fintech
·suerf.org·
Retail Central Bank Digital Currency: A Review and Assessment
A Retail CBDC Design for Basic Payments: Feasibility Study
A Retail CBDC Design for Basic Payments: Feasibility Study
The Bank of Canada (BOC) published a paper that explores the technical architecture for a retail central bank digital currency (CBDC) tailored for basic payments. The authors analyze a micro-partitioned system based on the UTXO (unspent transaction output) funds model, using a two-tiered model based on OpenCBDC 2PC as a representative design. It found that the baseline design handles over 250,000 transactions per second (TPS), though privacy-preserving variants (e.g., Pedersen commitments) reduce performance. Privacy is enhanced by minimizing central bank visibility into user data, with optional anonymity for users. Challenges include integrating with existing retail payment systems, auditing large-scale monetary supplies, and ensuring core system resilience. The study concludes that such architectures are feasible for basic payments but highlights areas needing further research, such as compliance mechanisms and recovery protocols for system outages.
#CBDC#Canada#Fintech#DFC
·bankofcanada.ca·
A Retail CBDC Design for Basic Payments: Feasibility Study
CBDC and Bank Stability: Does Monetary Policy Play a Moderating Role?
CBDC and Bank Stability: Does Monetary Policy Play a Moderating Role?
The Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI) published a paper that examines the impact of central bank digital currency (CBDC) adoption on bank stability in India and China, using a "benefit-of-the-doubt" approach to construct a multidimensional Bank Stability Index (BSI). The index is based on 2013-2022 data from 74 banks across five dimensions; capital adequacy, profitability, asset quality, liquidity, and efficiency. The study finds that CBDC adoption positively affects bank stability, with a stronger impact in India compared to China. The study also reveals a negative moderating role of monetary policy, suggesting that the stabilizing effect of CBDC is enhanced during accommodative monetary policy stances, and diminished when policy is tight. The research concludes that careful management of CBDC alongside appropriate monetary policy can enhance overall financial stability.
#CBDC#Fintech#Financial Stability#DFC
·adb.org·
CBDC and Bank Stability: Does Monetary Policy Play a Moderating Role?
Currency Wars in the Digital Age: CBDCs, Stablecoins and Mr Trump
Currency Wars in the Digital Age: CBDCs, Stablecoins and Mr Trump
Ousmène Jacques Mandeng published an essay that discusses the evolving landscape of international payments in the digital age, focusing on the potential shift from dollar dominance to a more diversified system driven by digital currencies like CBDCs, stablecoins, and tokenized deposits. It highlights how blockchain technology can enhance payment efficiency, reduce settlement risks, and lower barriers for smaller currencies to participate in global transactions. The author notes geopolitical tensions, such as U.S. resistance to BRICS currency initiatives, and argues that digital monies could reshape the international monetary system by altering the relative attractiveness of currencies. The essay concludes that blockchain-enabled financial infrastructures may foster currency competition, aligning with Friedrich Hayek's vision of stability through diversification, despite political challenges.
#Fintech#CBDC#CryptoAssets#Stablecoins#DFC
·economicsadvisory.com·
Currency Wars in the Digital Age: CBDCs, Stablecoins and Mr Trump
PwC study reveals that digital euro costs are running into billions
PwC study reveals that digital euro costs are running into billions
A study from PwC conducted on behalf of the European Banking Federation, the European Association of Co-operative Banks (EACB), and the European Savings and Retail Banking Group shows that the introduction of the digital euro could cost up to €30 billion for banks in the eurozone, even though – as currently conceived – it would not offer any recognizable added value for either consumers or businesses. The umbrella organizations of the Savings Banks Finance Group and the Volksbanken Raiffeisenbanken Cooperative Financial Network are therefore calling for closer collaboration with private initiatives in the European financial sector. https://www.pwc.de/de/finanzdienstleistungen/pwc-digital-euro-cost-study-2025.pdf
#CBDC#Eurozone#Fintech#DFC
·bvr.de·
PwC study reveals that digital euro costs are running into billions
Drex will have a third phase focusing on improving credit quality
Drex will have a third phase focusing on improving credit quality
Banco Central do Brasil Executive Secretary Rogerio Antonio Lucca reportedly said that the Drex central bank digital currency (CBDC) proof-of-concept will have a third phase. He said the focus should be on creating collateral tokenization solutions so that banks can increase access to credit for their customers and reduce fees.
#Brazil#CBDC#Tokenization#Fintech#DFC
·valor.globo.com·
Drex will have a third phase focusing on improving credit quality
Japan's CBDC pilot continues but launch remains uncertain
Japan's CBDC pilot continues but launch remains uncertain
Japan’s central bank is continuing its pilot program for a central bank digital currency (CBDC), known as the digital yen, but has no immediate plans to launch it, primarily due to the country’s ongoing high cash usage. The Bank of Japan’s recent progress report, discussed at a June 2 meeting, highlighted that seven working groups involving 64 private companies are exploring both technical and theoretical aspects of CBDC development, including integration with emerging technologies like distributed ledger technology (DLT). The pilot found that deploying a CBDC on a public blockchain is currently unfeasible due to scalability, privacy, and governance issues, though future possibilities such as layer 2 blockchains and permissioned blockchains for settling security token transactions are being considered. The research also compared APIs and webhooks for system communication, favoring webhooks for real-time updates and reduced system strain. While there are no immediate plans to issue a digital yen, the central bank will continue its research, leaving the door open for future developments.
#CBDC#Japan#Fintech#DFC
·coingeek.com·
Japan's CBDC pilot continues but launch remains uncertain
Bank of Japan Digital Yen Project Update
Bank of Japan Digital Yen Project Update
The Bank of Japan (BoJ) published a progress report on its digital yen program, which involves seven working groups and 64 private companies through its central bank digital currency (CBDC) Forum. Unfortunately, only the Japanese version is currently available. The working groups are tackling different aspects of digital currency development through both technical implementation and theoretical research. https://www.boj.or.jp/paym/digital/dig250604a.pdf https://www.boj.or.jp/paym/digital/dig250523a.pdf https://www.boj.or.jp/paym/digital/dig250523b.pdf
#CBDC#Japan#Fintech#DFC
·ledgerinsights.com·
Bank of Japan Digital Yen Project Update
Bolivian central bank aims to present a study on the viability of a CBDC
Bolivian central bank aims to present a study on the viability of a CBDC
At the Eighteenth Meeting of Bolivian Economists (18EEB) "Advances and Challenges of the Digital Economy" Banco Central de Bolivia (BCB) President Edwin Rojas Ulo announced that the central bank is conducting a feasibility study of the possibility of issuing a central bank digital currency (CBDC). The project will begin with the publication of an "Initial Diagnosis" consultative paper in August 2025. The President made it clear that the intent is not seek to replace cash or abruptly disrupt the national financial structure, but to "pave the way for responsible, inclusive, and sustainable innovation that strengthens our payment system and extends the benefits of digital money to the entire population."
#Fintech#CBDC#Bolivia#DFC
·bcb.gob.bo·
Bolivian central bank aims to present a study on the viability of a CBDC
The Bank of Japan's Approach to General Purpose CBDC
The Bank of Japan's Approach to General Purpose CBDC
The Bank of Japan (BoJ) published the English version of the chapter in its 2024 Payment and Settlement Report on its approach to general-purpose central bank digital currency (CBDC). The BoJ is engaging with various stakeholders through the CBDC Forum and thematic working groups to discuss critical aspects such as system connections, overlay services, KYC/AML/CFT, new technologies, user interfaces, and interoperability with other payment instruments. The BoJ has progressed through multiple phases of experimentation since 2021, including two proof of concept phases that tested basic CBDC functions and ledger designs, followed since April 2023 by end-to-end system testing with private sector participation through the CBDC Forum. Key principles guiding the approach include maintaining a two-tiered system with private sector involvement, ensuring horizontal coexistence between CBDC and existing payment instruments (cash, bank deposits, digital money), protecting user privacy through separated system components, and achieving interoperability across different payment methods.
#CBDC#Japan#Fintech
·boj.or.jp·
The Bank of Japan's Approach to General Purpose CBDC
Korea becomes testing ground for CBDC vs stablecoin supremacy battle
Korea becomes testing ground for CBDC vs stablecoin supremacy battle
Bank of Korea (BOK) Governor Rhee Chang-yong reportedly visited the nation's six largest banks to advocate for the central bank's two wholesale central bank digital currency (CBDC) projects, Project Hangang and Project Agorá, offering to cover a third of the costs for Project Hangang. This initiative coincides with these banks' plans to launch a joint stablecoin, highlighting a competitive landscape between public and private digital currencies. The BOK's strategy includes leveraging permissioned blockchains for tokenized deposits, contrasting with the banks' preference for permissionless blockchain-based stablecoins. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/business/20250527/bok-head-rhee-chang-yong-underscores-private-sector-cooperation-in-central-bank-led-digital-currency-project
#CBDC#CryptoAssets#Korea#Stablecoins#Fintech#wCBDC#DFC
·ledgerinsights.com·
Korea becomes testing ground for CBDC vs stablecoin supremacy battle
Reserve Bank of India CBDC Pilots Update
Reserve Bank of India CBDC Pilots Update

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) outlined its 2025–26 plans for its digital rupee central bank digital currency (CBDC) pilots in its 2024-25 Annual Report. In 2024-25 the pilots tested offline and programmable functionalities, including use cases such as direct benefit transfers, agricultural loans, and targeted employee allowances. These pilots have been extended to public schemes, like direct benefit transfers to farmers against generation of carbon credits and loans to tenant farmers in select locations. Looking ahead, discussions are ongoing with central and state agencies to scale programmable CBDC for defined-use fund transfers. Also, the RBI plans to explore both bilateral and multilateral cross-border CBDC pilots, especially given India’s role as a leading remittance recipient. The upcoming agenda also includes testing new designs, technologies, and use cases such as asset tokenization.

#Fintech#CBDC#India#DFC
·rbidocs.rbi.org.in·
Reserve Bank of India CBDC Pilots Update
Second MOF/BOJ Interim Report on a Japanese CBDC
Second MOF/BOJ Interim Report on a Japanese CBDC
Japan's Ministry of Finance (MOF) published the second interim report of the joint task force with various government ministries and the Bank of Japan (BOJ) on central bank digital currency (CBDC). The primary focus is on three main themes; (i) the legal framework (private law), (ii) privacy and data utilization, and (iii) the roles and division of labor with private payment systems. (In Japanese)
#CBDC#Japan#Fintech#DFC
·mof.go.jp·
Second MOF/BOJ Interim Report on a Japanese CBDC
Designing the Future of Money: The Case for Multiple CBDCs
Designing the Future of Money: The Case for Multiple CBDCs
Banco de la República Colombia (BRC) published a paper that explores how central banks can optimize the design of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) by introducing multiple variants with varying degrees of anonymity and interest rates. The authors examine the trade-offs between anonymity and security and assess the welfare outcomes in economies with and without cash. They find that when anonymity-related externalities (e.g., illicit activity) are high, a cashless society with multiple optimally designed CBDCs maximizes welfare. Even when anonymity costs are absent, a cashless system with one additional CBDC still outperforms systems retaining cash. The study emphasizes the flexibility of multiple CBDCs in tailoring monetary instruments to diverse user preferences while minimizing societal costs, and argues that careful CBDC design can enhance financial stability and efficiency more effectively than static cash-based systems.
#CBDC#Colombia#Fintech#DFC
·banrep.gov.co·
Designing the Future of Money: The Case for Multiple CBDCs
What Characteristics Make Countries Endeavor CBDC Projects?
What Characteristics Make Countries Endeavor CBDC Projects?
Communications of the Association for Information Systems (CAIS) published a study that investigates the factors that drive countries to develop central bank digital currency (CBDC) projects. The research combines quantitative analysis of data from 68 countries with a qualitative analysis of CBDC white papers. The findings indicate that a country's political regime, economic freedom, and perceived corruption significantly influence its decision to develop CBDCs. Specifically, countries with more autocratic political systems, less economic freedom, and higher perceived corruption are more likely to pursue CBDC projects.https://www.ntu.ac.uk/about-us/news/news-articles/2025/05/political-motives-behind-global-adoption-of-central-bank-digital-currency-revealed-in-new-study
#Fintech#CBDC#Stablecoins#DFC
·aisel.aisnet.org·
What Characteristics Make Countries Endeavor CBDC Projects?
Enabling Central Bank Money Settlement and Collateral Eligibility for DLT-based Securities
Enabling Central Bank Money Settlement and Collateral Eligibility for DLT-based Securities
The Association for Financial Markets in Europe (AFME) published a paper outlining two critical steps needed to scale distributed ledger technology (DLT) in capital markets in the European Union. First is the urgent need for a settlement solution for tokenized assets using central bank money. Secondly, AFME wants to see tokenized securities being considered eligible as collateral when banks borrow money from their central bank.
#DLT#AFME#CBDC#Settlement#Collateral#Fintech#Tokenization#DFC
·afme.eu·
Enabling Central Bank Money Settlement and Collateral Eligibility for DLT-based Securities
Open source software and central bank digital currency
Open source software and central bank digital currency

The Linux Foundation Decentralized Trust (LFDT) published a report on open source development’s role in central bank projects, and examples of the tech in action in CBDC implementations around the world. LFDT is the umbrella organization launched in September 2024 for the open development of a broad range of ledger, identity, security, interoperability, scale, implementation, and related technologies at the Linux Foundation. It encompasses the growing portfolio of Hyperledger projects and hosts new open source software, communities, standards, and specifications that are critical to the macro shift toward decentralized systems of distributed trust. https://www.lfdecentralizedtrust.org/announcements/linux-foundation-decentralized-trust-launches-with-17-projects-100-founding-members

#CBDC#Linux#OpenSource#Hyperledger#Fintech#DFC
·lfdecentralizedtrust.org·
Open source software and central bank digital currency
Reserve Bank of Australia Project Acacia WCBDC Update
Reserve Bank of Australia Project Acacia WCBDC Update

The Digital Finance Cooperative Research Centre (DFCRC), a joint enterprise of the Australian Treasury, Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA), academic institutions, banks and other Australian private sector financial organizations, published an update on its wholesale central bank digital currency (CBDC) backed tokenized deposit experiments. There are currently about five proof-of-concept and about twenty pilot tokenization experiments being considered, and they are considering four different networks for the CBDC, one of them being public permissioned (Redbelly). On the private permissioned side, they are looking at Ethereum (or EVM-compatible), Hedera, and R3 Corda.

#Fintech#CBDC#wCBDC#Australia#Tokenization#DFC
·dfcrc.com.au·
Reserve Bank of Australia Project Acacia WCBDC Update
Bolivian central bank considering CBDC issuance
Bolivian central bank considering CBDC issuance
Banco Central de Bolivia (BCB) reportedly confirmed that it is looking into the possibility of issuing a digital boliviano at its XVIII "Monetary Policy in the Digital Age" conference. BCB President Edwin explained that technical workshops have already been held with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), as part of the establishment of an operational base for a future digital version of the national currency. The main motivations would be to improve the efficiency of the payment system, promote financial inclusion and maintain monetary stability and digital sovereignty in the face of expanding interest in cryptocurrencies and stablecoins. https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?ref=watch_permalink&v=674885951958688&rdid=aRWlAELsNdPpMCLo
#CBDC#Fintech#Bolivia#DFC
·paymentmedia.com·
Bolivian central bank considering CBDC issuance
Bank of Israel launches digital shekel technological consultation
Bank of Israel launches digital shekel technological consultation
The Bank of Israel of Israel (BOI) launched the technological consultation process for the digital shekel. Technology experts, academics, potential vendors are invited to help the BOI deepen its understanding of the technological feasibility and potential implementation of key components of the digital shekel system. It outlined six technological consultations, each focusing on a different component derived from preliminary design white paper published in March 2025; backend layer, secure transaction messages and communication, offline capabilities, payment authorization (secure containers and cryptographic key management), alias management, and fraud monitoring. Submissions are due by June 30, 2025.
#CBDC#Fintech#Israel#DFC
·boi.org.il·
Bank of Israel launches digital shekel technological consultation
70 organizations join ECB's digital euro innovation platform
70 organizations join ECB's digital euro innovation platform
The European Central Bank (ECB) launched its digital euro innovation platform, and almost seventy organizations have signed up to participate. The platform simulates the envisaged digital euro ecosystem, in which the ECB provides the technical support and infrastructure, such as an application programming interface (API), for European intermediaries to independently develop innovative digital payment features and services. Findings will be published by the ECB in a report to be published later this year. https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2025/html/ecb.pr250505~00207689f9.en.html
#CBDC#ECB#Fintech#Eurozone#Sandboxes#DFC
·ledgerinsights.com·
70 organizations join ECB's digital euro innovation platform
How will the digital euro work?
How will the digital euro work?
This article provides an overview on how a digital euro is intended to work. An examination of the prospective design features and architecture of the digital euro reveals the complexity of the project and the challenges associated with integrating the digital euro into the existing payment landscape. In order to justify the huge investments from both the Eurosystem and the private sector, a high adoption rate by users is essential. Therefore, a digital euro needs to offer a competitive advantage over existing electronic payment instruments, which could refer to the unique scope comprising online and offline transactions as well as the trust of retail customers in the Eurosystem. Hence, a convincing communication strategy is needed to convey these benefits of a digital euro. Moreover, banks and other payment service providers need to have sufficient economic incentives to distribute the digital euro to their customers and to provide acquiring services to merchants.
#CBDC#Eurozone#Fintech#DFC
·papers.ssrn.com·
How will the digital euro work?
How to Design a Public Key Infrastructure for a CBDC
How to Design a Public Key Infrastructure for a CBDC
Makan Rafiee and Lars Hupel posted a paper that discusses the design requirements for a robust and scalable Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) for Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs). The authors argue that CBDC systems need dedicated PKI solutions rather than relying on existing infrastructure due to their unique security requirements. The proposed PKI design features a hierarchical certificate structure with the central bank as the trust anchor operating the Root Certificate Authority (CA). Three main certificate categories are introduced: Financial CA (for financial service providers), Hardware CA (for wallet manufacturers), and Operational CA (for central bank functions like minting and transaction validation). A key innovation is the rollover concept that addresses the challenge of certificate renewal for offline hardware wallets that may not connect to online services regularly. The solution uses a time-based approach with defined phases (ramp-up, active, and passive) to ensure continuous system operation despite regular certificate expirations. The paper emphasizes that this design accommodates the specific needs of CBDC ecosystems while maintaining high security standards and enabling seamless certificate management throughout the system's lifecycle.
#CBDC#Cryptography#Fintech#DFC
·arxiv.org·
How to Design a Public Key Infrastructure for a CBDC
Hyperledger in action: central bank digital currencies v2
Hyperledger in action: central bank digital currencies v2
The Linux Foundation published an updated report on how its open-source distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) are powering central bank digital currency (CBDC) initiatives globally. It explains the advantages of open source development for CBDC projects, emphasizing transparency, collaboration, and the adaptability of community-driven solutions. The paper also showcases projects using Hyperledger Fabric, Besu, Iroha, and other tools across various implementation stages—from research (European Central Bank, France, Norway) to pilots (India, Brazil, Philippines) to live deployments (Nigeria, Eastern Caribbean). These implementations demonstrate how open-source blockchain technologies can improve payment efficiency, enhance security, enable programmability through smart contracts, and support financial inclusion.
#CBDC#Hyperledger#OpenSource#Fintech#DFC
·linuxfoundation.org·
Hyperledger in action: central bank digital currencies v2
Assessing consumer CBDC adoption in Luxembourg: a micro-simulation approach
Assessing consumer CBDC adoption in Luxembourg: a micro-simulation approach
[January 2025] Banque Centrale du Luxembourg (BCL) published a paper that simulated consumer adoption of CBDC based on data from the 2022 Study on the Payment Attitudes of Consumers in the Euro area (SPACE) survey of payment habits. The micro-simulation classified 1% of consumers as cash-only, 22% as cash-preferring, 29% as cashless-preferring and 47% as cashless-only. Our theoretical results suggest that if CBDC is accepted by all retailers, then cashless-preferring consumers will adopt it instead of cash, but adoption by other consumers would also depend on CBDC design, cost, security and their use of credit cards. If CBDC transactions can be funded by drawing cash directly from the user’s bank payment account (i.e., via a "a waterfall" mechanism), 24% of the value of total payments will be in CBDC. If CBDC transactions can be funded via a direct link to consumer credit (e.g. drawing on the user’s credit card) 92% of total payment values will be made in CBDC.
#CBDC#Eurozone#Luxembourg#Fintech#DFC
·bcl.lu·
Assessing consumer CBDC adoption in Luxembourg: a micro-simulation approach
Survey of potential users of the digital euro: new evidence from Slovakia
Survey of potential users of the digital euro: new evidence from Slovakia
[October 12, 2024] The National Bank of Slovakia (NBS) surveyed 1200 people, asking about people’s awareness and willingness to use the digital euro. 34% of respondents have heard of the digital euro; 26% intend to use it. They found that the likelihood of its usage depends on trust in institutions such as the central bank, and preferences for cash payments, in addition to standard socio-economic factors. They also investigated whether respondent’s answers are linked to political preferences and trust in the central bank. To quote: “liberals are more inclined to consider using the digital euro, while EU skeptics are significantly less likely to do so”. The survey also reveals that privacy and transaction security are among the top concerns for potential users. The majority of respondents plan to allocate nearly 20% of their net monthly income to digital euro holdings.
#Fintech#CBDC#Eurozone#DFC#Slovakia
·nbs.sk·
Survey of potential users of the digital euro: new evidence from Slovakia
CBDCs included in the EAC Draft Cross-Border Payment System Masterplan
CBDCs included in the EAC Draft Cross-Border Payment System Masterplan
The East African Community (EAC) Draft Cross-Border Payment System Masterplan was validated by its eight member countries (Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania). The Masterplan aims to enhance the speed, security, affordability and integration of payment systems across the region. It tackles key obstacles such as fragmented regulations, high transaction costs, and limited interoperability by outlining twenty targeted initiatives. These include a regional instant retail payment switch, and exploring using central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) for regional transactions.
#CBDC#Fintech#CrossBorder#Payments#FastPayments#DFC#EastAfricanCommunity
·eac.int·
CBDCs included in the EAC Draft Cross-Border Payment System Masterplan
Nigeria, China to sign digital currency deal to reduce dollar reliance
Nigeria, China to sign digital currency deal to reduce dollar reliance
Nigeria will reportedly sign a deal to enable a direct conversion of naira to digital renminbi (RMB) according to Nigeria-China Strategic Partnership (NCSP) Director-General Joseph Tegbehas. Speaking at a conference in Lagos, he said the agreement could reduce Nigeria’s dependence on the United States dollar. The NCSP jointly established ivy the Chinese and Nigerian governments in November 2024 under the leadership of President Bola Ahmed Tinubu following agreements reached with President Xi Jinping at FOCAC 2024, aiming to deepen economic, trade, and investment relations between the two nations. It serves facilitate high-impact partnerships that align with Nigeria’s development priorities and China’s Belt and Road Initiative. But there has not yet been an announcement on the NCSP website regarding the RMB deal. https://ncsp.gov.ng/ [
#CBDC#Nigeria#China#CrossBorder#Fintech#DFC
·vanguardngr.com·
Nigeria, China to sign digital currency deal to reduce dollar reliance
Majority of Dutch consumers willing to use digital euro
Majority of Dutch consumers willing to use digital euro
De Nederlandsche Bank (DNB) surveyed 2,000 Dutch consumers to find out whether they would be willing to use an offline-digital euro (D€) that was as private as cash (funds are stored locally and no third party involved in a payment). Participants were randomly allocated funds to allocate across cash, debit cards and D€ for household expenses over a month. Two-thirds used at least some of the D€, with 75% of non-users not seeing any added value in it, plus 55% expressing unfamiliarity with it, and 48% a lack of trust in it. 25% of non-users cited privacy concerns. Only 28% of users said that the extra privacy of an offline D€ was a reason for using the D€. Also, half the participants were told there was a 50% that their debit cards would be nonfunctional over the month. Those in this group chose to keep not only more cash but also more D€ in their wallets. Also, 42% of participants said they would prefer to keep their D€ on a payment card; 33% would prefer an app and 26% have no preference. https://www.dnb.nl/media/vbrkbg4x/dnb-os-a5-holding-limieten-digitale-euro.pdf
#CBDC#Eurozone#Netherlands#Fintech#Offline#DFC
·dnb.nl·
Majority of Dutch consumers willing to use digital euro
BEAC requests IMF CBDC technical assistance
BEAC requests IMF CBDC technical assistance
[March 11, 2025] Banque des États de l'Afrique Centrale (BEAC) has requested IMF technical assistance to explore the feasibility of introducing a central bank digital currency (CBDC). BEAC serves six central African countries which form the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo) all of whom use the CFA franc which is pegged to the euro (€1 = CFA 655.957). The BEAC has set up a CBDC working group that will coordinate with the other subregional institutions with the aim of developing a coherent and appropriate regulatory framework to monitor and manage the new risks associated with the emergence of digital payment methods.
#Fintech#CBDC#DFC#CEMAC
·imf.org·
BEAC requests IMF CBDC technical assistance