"Neither USDC nor Tether is a regulated digital asset, for the simple reason that neither token has a regulator. In fact, neither USDC nor Tether tokens are “stablecoins” in anything other than name. These tokens are backed by illiquid and risky debt obligations – a critical weakness that no prudential regulator would allow to exist as this creates undue risk for their customers."
Paxos lawyer: Tether and USDC not ‘real stablecoins’
Paxos Trust lawyer and chief compliance officer Dan Burstein claims that Tether's USDT and Circle's USDC are unregulated "stablecoins" in name only. Paxo-issued Paxos Standard (PAX) and Binance Dollar (BUSD) are approved and regulated by the New York State Department of Financial Services (NYDFS). That means each token is backed by reserves in the safest instruments, such as bank deposits insured by the US Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or short-term maturity US Treasuries. Gemini Dollars (GUSD) issued by Gemini Trust Company, are similarly NYDFS regulated
Tether Executives Said to Face Criminal Probe Into Bank Fraud - Bloomberg
A U.S. Department of Justice (DoJ) probe into Tether is homing in on whether executives behind the USDT stablecoin committed bank fraud, a potential criminal case that would have broad implications for the crypto-asset market. The DoJ is scrutinizing whether Tether concealed from banks that transactions were linked to crypto-assets.
"USDC and other stablecoins are being adopted for many reasons, but one major benefit of stablecoins over traditional settlement infrastructure (e.g. Fedwire) is that they run on crypto-native payment rails that operate 24/7, 365. The heatmap below breaks down USDC activity by day of week. On-chain data show that USDC is mainly used during weekdays, but has some activity during the weekends when traditional infrastructure is largely unavailable."
U.S. SEC Chair Gensler calls on Congress to help rein in crypto 'Wild West'
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Chair Gary Gensler called on Congress to give the agency more authority to better police crypto-asset trading, lending and platforms, a "Wild West" he said is riddled with fraud and investor risk. He said the crypto market involves many tokens which may be unregistered securities and leaves prices open to manipulation and millions of investors vulnerable to risks. He also focused on stablecoins and how they "may facilitate those seeking to sidestep a host of public policy goals connected to our traditional banking and financial system: anti-money laundering, tax compliance, sanctions, and... national security, too... Further, these stablecoins also may be securities and investment companies. To the extent they are, we will apply the full investor protections of the Investment Company Act and the other federal securities laws to these products." https://www.sec.gov/news/public-statement/gensler-aspen-security-forum-2021-08-03
According to this paper co-written by the Diem Association's Christian Catalini, fiat-backed stablecoins must rely on reserves of high-quality, liquid assets and be subject to a framework that protects coin holders from credit risk, market risk, operational risk, as well as the insolvency or bankruptcy of the issuer. Although decentralized stablecoin designs eliminate the need to trust an intermediary, they are either exposed to death spirals, or highly capital inefficient, as they must be highly over-collateralized to account for the lack of an intermediary. While these trade-offs might be acceptable for narrow use cases within the cryptocurrency space, without a breakthrough in decentralized stablecoin design, they are likely to limit the usefulness of these coins for mainstream adoption.
"For its next edition of the pie chart, Tether should consider catering to this demand by providing a long list of explanatory notes. Tether will be publishing its next pie chart sometime in the middle of August. Given its flagging issuance, Tether has every reason to do a better job than before. The whole cryptocurrency world will be watching."
Tether Is Backed by Nearly 50% Commercial Paper Says New Report
Tether has released an assurance report that provides a breakdown of the company's consolidated assets on June 30, that shows that its $62.7 billion outstanding USDT stablecoin were fully backed. The report was conducted by Moore Cayman, a Cayman Islands-based auditor. Tether's latest attestation report provides much more detail on the composition of its assets, including its commercial paper (most of it which is rated A-1 or A-2). Also, its allocation to Treasury Bills has grown to around 24% from the 3% three months ago. It's very well footnoted, too.
Circle, the fintech company behind the USDC stablecoin, intends to become a US Federally-chartered national full-reserve commercial bank, according to its S-4 special-purpose acquisition company (SPAC) filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. The firm said that a banking framework could reduce the risks around its business, including its reliance on third-party payment systems.
Coinbase removes ‘backed by US dollars’ claim for USDC stablecoin
The Coinbase website now states that USD Coin is “backed by fully reserved assets,” contrary to the now-removed claim of “backed by U.S. dollars in a bank account.” More specifically, “each USDC is backed by one dollar or asset with equivalent fair value, which is held in accounts with US regulated financial institutions.”
Facebook's digital wallet, Novi, could abandon the Diem stablecoin in favor of fiat money if regulators do not change their tune, says David Marcus, head of Facebook Financial and Novi. The current iteration of the project involves the issue of a single stablecoin pegged to the US dollar, versus the original plan to issue a series of stablecoins backed by individual traditional currencies, as well as a token based on the currency-pegged stablecoins. Marcus claims that US authorities' "hostility" to Facebook's move into payments, is "profoundly un-American" and that the firm deserve a "fair shot" while also pointing out that it is already well embedded in the sector.
Circle Stablecoin to Be Held 'Entirely' in Cash, US Treasuries
The Centre Consortium announced that USD Coin (USDC) stablecoins will only be backed by cash and U.S. Treasury Bills. Centre oversees which entities are allowed to issue the stablecoin and use its API. In July, its parent company Circle, which issues the USDC, revealed that USDC was only 61% backed by cash (including money market funds) and cash equivalents (high-quality short-term fixed income securities). The July attestation report showed that reserves included Yankee Certificate of Deposit (13%), commercial paper (9%), corporate bonds (5%) and municipal bonds and U.S. Agencies (0.2%).
Paxos is rebranding its stablecoin from PAX to USDP
Paxos is rebranding its stablecoin from Paxos Standard (PAX) to Pax Dollar (USDP) so it is more easily identifiable as a US dollar-backed token. The updated USDP smart contract will go live on August 31, 2021. PAX has always maintained reserves that are 100% cash or cash equivalents, which for Paxos means short-term Treasury bills.
Whether a stablecoin needs dollar reserves depends on its actual or potential use in the conventional payments system. A stablecoin used only within the crypto ecosystem wouldn’t need 100% dollar reserves. It would only need sufficient dollar liquidity to maintain its peg – and if exchanges are compliant and redemptions restricted, that might not be very much. However, stablecoins could replace conventional rails for international payments, potentially making them faster, cheaper and available 24/7. Stablecoins used for this purpose would need to be fully exchangeable for U.S. dollars or other fiat currencies on demand 24/7, and would therefore either need 100% dollar reserves or access to central bank liquidity. [Hence,] rather than wasting time and energy trying to regulate crypto-only stablecoins as if they are banks or money market funds, regulators should concentrate on ensuring that stablecoins that are, or show signs of becoming, payment media within the conventional financial system have 100% reserves and/or are licensed banks.
Tether says it doesn’t hold any commercial paper issued by Evergrande
Tether reportedly said that it doesn’t hold any commercial paper or other debt or securities issued by the embattled Chinese real estate giant Evergrande. In China, there are serious concerns about Evergrande, which has run up a $300 billion debt and is struggling to pay interest. If the company were to collapse, it would have a huge impact on the financial system.
Conflux, Shanghai Maritime Partner On Pilot Offshore RMB Stablecoin
Singapore-based Conflux is piloting an offshore renminbi (RMB) stablecoin in a free trade zone (FTZ) in Shanghai, in a move to boost cross-border payments. It will run on the Conflux Network, China’s only regulatory compliant public blockchain, which has also received endorsements from the Shanghai and Hunan governments. As part of China’s five-year plan, Shanghai will be the central focus of global free trade and shipping in China. In July the Government of China granted Shanghai permission to explore free trade with an offshore RMB stablecoin; the only free trade zone in China to pilot trade with RMB.
Circle Taps Plaid for ACH Payments as USDC Market Cap Hits $30B
"Stablecoin issuer Circle said that it is partnering with financial data aggregator Plaid to make it easier for consumers to move their money out of the bank and into Circle’s USDC. Like its partnership with Visa, working with Plaid is another way for Circle to become more deeply integrated with networks that allow users to move faster between fiat and dollar-backed crypto tokens via the Automated Clearing House (ACH) network."
Peruvian stablecoin launches on Stellar blockchain
Latin American stablecoin issuer Anclap is expanding its Stellar-based stablecoin network by launching a new stablecoin in Peru. Pegged to the Peruvian sol (PEN), the new stablecoin is designed to enable instant transactions across Anclap’s network, including conversions in other fiat currencies as well as any other digital asset. Called the “digital sol,” the stablecoin is said to be 100% backed by local fiat currency and is available on the Stellar network to be integrated into any platform, and exchangeable against several foreign currencies, including Argentine peso, Brazilian real, US dollars and the euro.
"Even centralized stablecoins operate as software running on decentralized blockchains, and it’s important to keep in mind that stablecoins involve layers of software that are not used in traditional financial institution activity. If this software doesn’t operate safely and securely, or if the decentralized networks don’t operate as expected, there could be a loss of confidence in the stablecoin or even outright theft. As it stands now, regulators, issuers, and users of a stablecoin need to understand stablecoin software and the underlying blockchain platforms they run on in order to accurately measure technical and operational risk."
Circle, a key supporter of the USDC stablecoin, received an “investigative subpoena” from the U.S. Securities and Exchange (SEC) Enforcement Division in July 2021. The subpoena arrived one month after Circle began onboarding corporate USDC holders into its first high-interest yield product, Circle Yield. The subpoena requests “documents and information regarding certain of our holdings, customer programs, and operations," but Circle did not elaborate on what the SEC’s investigation was focused on.
Circle's newest attestation report shows that it has sold most of its corporate bonds, long-dated commercial paper, Yankee certificates of deposit, and Treasury notes, that back its USDC stablecoin.
CPMI and IOSCO publish guidance, call for comments on stablecoin arrangements
The Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures (CPMI) and the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) published for public consultation preliminary guidance that confirms and clarifies that systemically-important stablecoin arrangements (SAs) should observe international standards for payment, clearing and settlement systems. The report proposes additional guidance on how certain aspects of the CPMI/IOSCO Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures (PFMIs) apply to the novel features of SAs.
US FDIC Said to Be Studying Deposit Insurance for Stablecoins
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (FDIC) is reportedly studying whether certain stablecoins might be eligible for its coverage. The agency is trying to analyze what so-called pass-through FDIC insurance might look like for the reserves that stablecoin issuers hold at banks. Such coverage would insure holders of the tokens against losses up to $250,000 if the bank holding the collateral were to fail. The FDIC is also looking at what regular, direct deposit insurance might look like for banks that want to issue stablecoins.
MoneyGram launches USDC settlement using the Stellar blockchain
"MoneyGram has partnered with the Stellar Development Foundation to enable consumers to send money using Circle’s USD Coin (USDC) stablecoin, and convert directly to and from fiat across its global retail platform. Working alongside Circle, MoneyGram will also enable “near-instant backend settlement,” account funding and local fiat withdrawals using USDC. United Texas Bank will act as the settlement bank to complete the process within the regulatory framework."
"Again, I think if you told that story five years ago people would think you were nuts. “No no no,” they would say, “you can’t manufacture safe dollar assets out of Bitcoin, Bitcoin is too volatile, there is no floor, it could go to zero, this is nonsense.” I think there is a good chance that if you tell that story five years from now it will be unremarkable. “Yes right of course the Bank of Tether issues deposits worth one Tether and uses those deposits to fund margin loans to levered Bitcoin investors, that’s just how banking works,” people will say. It is just a function of how confident people are in Bitcoin’s permanence and its function as a store of value. Right now we are in between; the story is plausible but still weird. It’s not the story that Tether wants to tell, and it’s not the main story of Tether. But it's the interesting part."
Crypto Mystery: Where’s the $69 Billion Backing the Stablecoin Tether?
A Bloomberg article made numerous claims against Tether, including that its chief financial officer Giancarlo Devasini has used the company’s reserves to make investments, that seem to contradict Tether’s public position that the holdings were fully backed at all times. In addition, the article alleges that Tether has invested in Chinese firms and issued crypto-backed loans “worth billions of dollars.” Furthermore, Wall Street traders were canvased to see if any had ever seen any trades made by the company, which supposedly holds $30 billion in commercial paper short-term loans — suggesting the fact that none had seen any should raise eyebrows. Additionally, only one bank was located — in the Bahamas — that was working with the firm. Tether called the article “another tired attempt to undermine” the company, pointing to its recent quarterly report on its holdings to demonstrate that it is 100% backed, although not offering any detail on its asset holdings that would concretely refute the Bloomberg article's contentions.
CFTC Fines Tether and Bitfinex $42.5M for ‘Untrue or Misleading’ Claims
The US Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) fined Bitfinex and Tether more than $42 million on allegations that over a 26-month period between 2016 and 2018, the reserve funds backing its USDT stablecoin were comingled with the company’s corporate funds and held in non-cash products, relying on unregulated entities and certain third-parties to hold funds comprising the reserves. In a statement published shortly after the CFTC release, Tether confirmed that indeed the reserves were not all in cash and all in a bank account titled in Tether’s name, at all times, contrary to what the firm had claimed during the period in question.
Tether’s bitcoin-backed lending clashes with dollar promise
"The CEO of crypto lending platform Celsius Network has said that Tether lends out new USDT stablecoins in return for cryptocurrencies — a claim that calls further into question Tether’s founding promise that it uses only real dollars to issue its tokens. Celsius borrows USDT from Tether in return for well-known cryptocurrencies. New USDT is issued for such loans and later destroyed when the loan is closed so it does not permanently increase USDT in circulation. This flies in the face of the Tether operating model described in its whitepaper - issuance of USDT is supposed to be on a one-for-one basis against dollars. However a primer published in May 2021 says only that that 'newly issued [USDT] must be backed by collateral' and that 'redeemed [USDT] tokens are not released back into circulation unless new collateral has been provided'."
