Central Bank Digital Currency and Banking by Jonathan Chiu, Seyed Mohammadreza Davoodalhosseini, Janet Hua Jiang, Yu Zhu :: SSRN
"This paper builds a model with imperfect competition in the banking sector. In the model, banks issue deposits and make loans, and deposits can be used as payment instruments by households. We use the model to assess the general equilibrium effects of introducing central bank digital currency (CBDC). We identify a new channel through which CBDC can improve the efficiency of bank intermediation and increase lending and aggregate output even if its usage is low, i.e., CBDC serves as an outside option for households, thus limiting banks' market power in the deposit market. We then calibrate the model to evaluate the quantitative implication of this channel."