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Personal loss recovery for offline digital cash
Personal loss recovery for offline digital cash
"Our analysis shows that automated loss recovery for digital cash through an expiry date could provide substantial benefits to consumers. A potentially important aspect that we consider in the paper is privacy in payments (Garratt and Van Oordt 2021, Borgonovo 2021). While our model does not explicitly account for privacy preferences, results in our paper do suggest that a digital cash that provides more privacy may achieve a higher level of social welfare despite weaker loss recovery. Finally, some consumers may feel uncomfortable with expiring digital cash for reasons that are outside of our economic model. It might therefore be beneficial to consider providing an option to allow users to opt out from automated loss recovery at their own financial risk."
·voxeu.org·
Personal loss recovery for offline digital cash
Terra Is Back From Bankruptcy
Terra Is Back From Bankruptcy

One model of Terra goes like this: (1) Terra is a company. Not really — it’s a decentralized finance ecosystem, a blockchain, a bunch of independent developers working on diverse projects — but let’s just pretend for a minute. (In fact there is a company-ish thing called Terraform Labs which helps run Terra, and another company-ish thing called Luna Foundation Guard that keeps some of Terra’s money, but here I want to conceive of Terra as a whole as sort of a distributed company.) (2) The Luna token, which powers the Terra blockchain and is the currency of its ecosystem, is the equity of Terra, the stock in the Terra company. (3) The TerraUSD stablecoin (or UST), which was supposed to always be worth a dollar, and which maintained that peg by being exchangeable for $1 worth of Luna at market prices, is the debt of Terra. Like bonds of the company, or like deposits of a bank.

·bloomberg.com·
Terra Is Back From Bankruptcy
Platypus: A CBDC with Unlinkable Transactions and Privacy Preserving Regulation
Platypus: A CBDC with Unlinkable Transactions and Privacy Preserving Regulation
"In this paper, we depart from blockchain-based CBDC designs and instead build on ideas from traditional e-cash schemes. We propose a new style of building digital currencies that combines the transaction processing model of e-cash with an account-based fund management model. We argue that such a style of building digital currencies is especially well-suited to CBDCs. We also design the first such digital currency system, called Platypus, that provides strong privacy, high scalability, and expressive but simple regulation, which are all critical features for a CBDC. Platypus achieves these properties by adapting techniques similar to those used in anonymous blockchain cryptocurrencies like Zcash to fit our account model and applying them to the e-cash context." https://publications.cispa.saarland/3823/1/platypus_ccs_final.pdf
·eprint.iacr.org·
Platypus: A CBDC with Unlinkable Transactions and Privacy Preserving Regulation
Tether Required Recapitalization In May 2022
Tether Required Recapitalization In May 2022
"It is well-understood in the cryptocurrency community that Tether’s reserves are a polite fiction. If pushed on this, clueful members of the community, such as their co-conspirators, will (quietly) admit that Tether depends on a de facto guarantee of support from members of its consolidated group, such as Bitfinex, which can inject more equity at will. The community believes, based on prior experience, that there is appetite within the crypto community to conduct “private bailouts” to rescue their central bank if it comes under stress."
·kalzumeus.com·
Tether Required Recapitalization In May 2022
Putting the Terra stablecoin debacle into "tradfi" context
Putting the Terra stablecoin debacle into "tradfi" context
"It’s not really surprising that stablecoin issuers keep going back to essentially the same model: people have been fascinated by perpetual motion machines since time immemorial. No one, however, has ever succeeded in making one, because we live in a world of change, and perpetual motion machines only work if nothing ever changes."
·the-blindspot.com·
Putting the Terra stablecoin debacle into "tradfi" context
Deceptive representations involving the FDIC’s name or logo or deposit insurance
Deceptive representations involving the FDIC’s name or logo or deposit insurance
"Representations about deposit insurance may be particularly relevant with respect to new financial products or services, especially those involving new technologies such as digital assets, including crypto-assets. New technologies may yield significant benefits for consumers, workers, and small businesses. Nonetheless, especially with respect to new technologies, some market participants may seek to entice consumers to use their products or services by deceptively advertising that uninsured products or services are FDIC-insured. These misrepresentations disadvantage financial institutions that truthfully market FDIC-insured accounts to consumers. Such misrepresentations also harm consumers, who may find that their assets are not insured in a time of financial distress."
·consumerfinance.gov·
Deceptive representations involving the FDIC’s name or logo or deposit insurance
Circle to Issue Weekly USDC Reserve Reports
Circle to Issue Weekly USDC Reserve Reports
Circle CEO Jeremy Allaire announced that company will now provide weekly attestations concerning stablecoin USD Coin (USDC) reserves and liquidity. According to the latest week's figures, all $52.9 billion USDC in circulation are fully backed by cash ($12.8 billion) and short-dated U.S. Treasury securities ($40.2 billion expressed in terms of fair market value) held at U.S. regulated financial institutions on behalf of USDC holders. This weekly reporting is in addition to the the monthly attestation reports which, like Tether's, are published with long lags.  The last one (covering the accounts as of March 31, 2022) was published at the end of April.
·news.bitcoin.com·
Circle to Issue Weekly USDC Reserve Reports
Tether’s accountant waves red flag
Tether’s accountant waves red flag
The language used by Tether’s accountant in the latest quarterly attestation report suggests it’s worried about the future existence of the stablecoin. MHA Cayman used ‘going concern’ language, a form of words that implies a business is stable enough to meet its obligations for the time being, but which suggests the accountant is taking a step back in judging the business as viable. The accountant added other new language to Tether’s attestation, suggesting significant uncertainty with respect to the valuation of Tether’s assets and its exposure to possible counterparty risks.
·newmoneyreview.com·
Tether’s accountant waves red flag
Central Bank Digital Currency and Banks
Central Bank Digital Currency and Banks
"This paper studies how introducing a central bank digital currency (CBDC) can affect the banking system. We show that CBDC need not reduce bank lending unless frictions and synergies bind deposits and lending together. We then estimate a dynamic banking model to quantify the importance of these frictions and synergies for the impact of a CBDC on the banking system. Our counterfactual analysis shows that a CBDC can replace a significant fraction of bank deposits, especially when it pays interest. However, CBDC has a much smaller impact on bank lending because banks can replace a large fraction of any lost deposits with wholesale funding. Substitution to wholesale funding makes banks' funding costs more sensitive to changes in short-term rates, increasing their exposure to interest rate risk. We also show that a CBDC amplifies the impact of monetary policy shocks on bank lending."
·papers.ssrn.com·
Central Bank Digital Currency and Banks
The Money Museum mobile application, the MNB’s new blockchain technology-based platform launched
The Money Museum mobile application, the MNB’s new blockchain technology-based platform launched
"On International Museum Day, the Magyar Nemzeti Bank, the central bank of Hungary, launched the Money Museum mobile application. The new application has two main functionalities: on the one hand, it provides a new channel for displaying useful content related to the Money Museum and finances in general in order to enhance the interactive museum experience; on the other hand, it is an innovative opportunity to test blockchain-based technology. Utilising this, the MNB has created a dedicated platform for NFT (Non-Fungible Token) issuance and coin registration, which can be considered as a novelty among central banks."
·mnb.hu·
The Money Museum mobile application, the MNB’s new blockchain technology-based platform launched
The Hong Kong Dollar Is the Best Stablecoin. Sorry, Terra and Luna
The Hong Kong Dollar Is the Best Stablecoin. Sorry, Terra and Luna
"Pegged to the US dollar for nearly four decades, the currency in the Asian financial center is a stablecoin, albeit of the paper variety. Most days it relies — just like UST — on arbitrage to hold its value at 7.8 to the dollar. But there are two key differences. The Hong Kong Monetary Authority runs a pure currency board. All of HKMA’s monetary base is backed 110% by US dollar assets. Second, while fixing the exchange rate, the authority deliberately lets interest rates float freely to absorb pressures on the peg. When the local currency gets sold off, there’s a capital flight from Hong Kong. But that automatically raises interest rates enough to lure buyers back."
·bloomberg.com·
The Hong Kong Dollar Is the Best Stablecoin. Sorry, Terra and Luna
ACLU and Partners Tell Federal Reserve: On Digital Cash, Anonymity is Not Negotiable
ACLU and Partners Tell Federal Reserve: On Digital Cash, Anonymity is Not Negotiable
"On May 20, 2022, the ACLU joined a dozen civil society organizations in sending a letter to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve about how a US Central Bank Digital Currency (“digital cash”) could provide privacy to consumers without providing complete anonymity and facilitating illicit financial activity. This letter is in response to the Fed’s call for public comments, amid their evaluation of a potential US Central Bank Digital Currency. "
·aclu.org·
ACLU and Partners Tell Federal Reserve: On Digital Cash, Anonymity is Not Negotiable
There Was No Terra ‘Attack’
There Was No Terra ‘Attack’
"Though rumors about BlackRock and Citadel are just that, it does seem very plausible that some large mainstream hedge fund was involved in the Terra depeg. That would be a major double-edged sword. On the one hand, it would mean crypto is regarded as a robust and trustworthy enough ecosystem that mainstream finance is willing to risk shorting it. The emergence of more such shorts would, furthermore, benefit the ecosystem long-term by providing a profit motive for asking hard questions about projects."
·coindesk.com·
There Was No Terra ‘Attack’
Do you have the right to redeem your stablecoin?
Do you have the right to redeem your stablecoin?
Stablecoins are often discussed with regard to their “stability.” It is usually questioned whether a stablecoin is sufficiently backed with money or other assets. Undoubtedly, it is a very important aspect of stablecoin value. But, does it make sense if the legal terms of a stablecoin do not give you, the stablecoin holder, the legal right to redeem that digital record on blockchain for fiat currency? This article aims to look into the legal terms of the two largest stablecoins — Tether (USDT) by Tether and USD Coin (USDC) by Centre Consortium, established by Coinbase and Circle — to answer the question: Do they owe you anything? The short answer is no.
·cointelegraph.com·
Do you have the right to redeem your stablecoin?
US Considers Legislation on Mandatory Acceptance of Cash
US Considers Legislation on Mandatory Acceptance of Cash
The U.S. House Financial Services Committee passed the Payment Choice Act that, if enacted, would require applicable retail businesses to accept cash for transactions of less than $2,000 and prohibit them from charging cash-paying customers a higher price relative to customers not paying with cash. Retail businesses would retain flexibility to accept payments through any other means. Exceptions are provided in the event that a retailer temporarily has insufficient cash on hand to make change, or experiences a systems failure that temporarily prevents it from processing cash payments. Enforcement of alleged violations would be by a civil action brought by any injured person in state or federal court.
·cashessentials.org·
US Considers Legislation on Mandatory Acceptance of Cash
G7 Finance Ministers, Central Bank Governors Issue Statement on CBDCs
G7 Finance Ministers, Central Bank Governors Issue Statement on CBDCs
G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors have issued a statement that, among other things, highlighted the opportunities and implications of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) and their potential role in future payment transactions. "[It encouraged] jurisdictions exploring CBDCs to examine the international dimensions of CBDCs, in particular their cross-border use. CBDCs with cross-border functionality may have the potential to spur innovation and open up new ways to meet users’ demand for more efficient international payments, but continued international cooperation will be important to understanding and minimizing any negative spillovers to the international monetary and financial system.”
·whitehouse.gov·
G7 Finance Ministers, Central Bank Governors Issue Statement on CBDCs
New experiments pave way for international payments using CBDCs
New experiments pave way for international payments using CBDCs
The Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) published a paper outlining how the financial transaction messaging platform is preparing to interact with the cross-border use of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). SWIFT is teaming up with Accenture to test ways to link multiple CBDC networks, as well as CBDC and traditional currency networks, as a proof of concept.
·swift.com·
New experiments pave way for international payments using CBDCs
Tether Reassure Users with “Assurance Opinion”
Tether Reassure Users with “Assurance Opinion”
Tether published its March 31, 2022 quarterly assurance opinion showing that assets exceed its USTD liabilities ($82.4 billion versus $82.2 billion) and revealing a 17% decrease in commercial paper holdings (to $20.1 billion). Also, the average rating of commercial paper and certificates of deposits has gone up from A-2 to A-1, and investments in U.S. treasury bills have gone up 14% to $39.2 billion. However, 14% of assets ($11.8 billion) are comprised of secured loans, corporate bonds, funds, precious metals and "other investments (including digital tokens).
·tether.to·
Tether Reassure Users with “Assurance Opinion”
Surveying Stablecoins in the Wake of the LUNA/UST Collapse
Surveying Stablecoins in the Wake of the LUNA/UST Collapse
The market reactions over the past week are a reminder that stablecoins are far from homogenous and carry different reserve profiles with varying risk, not unlike banks in traditional finance. The crypto markets are still assessing the aftermath of the UST collapse but one immediate effect has been a drawdown in stablecoin liquidity within DeFi. The amount of USDC held in smart contracts on Ethereum has fallen by about $5B since its peak in March. Similarly, the supply of DAI (an over-collateralized, crypto-backed stablecoin) in smart contracts has also fallen about $2B. Most of this decline can be attributed to weakening demand for DAI on decentralized exchanges, cross-blockchain bridges, and lending protocols. Estimates of total value locked (TVL) have also come down, but these measures are often exaggerated due to rehypothecation of assets.
·coinmetrics.substack.com·
Surveying Stablecoins in the Wake of the LUNA/UST Collapse
What is legal tender?
What is legal tender?
"Legal tender has a narrow technical meaning which has no use in everyday life. It means that if you offer to fully pay off a debt to someone in legal tender, they can’t sue you for failing to repay."
·bankofengland.co.uk·
What is legal tender?
Stablecoin supplies and cash reserves in question amid crypto exodus
Stablecoin supplies and cash reserves in question amid crypto exodus
Cryptocurrency investors and traders have been cashing out of the stablecoin Tether (USDT) in the wake of the TerraUSD (UST) debacle. There has also been a flight to large centralized US-domiciled stablecoins like Binance USD (BUSD) and USD Coin (USDC), with monthly attestations and 100% treasury bill backing, and a flight away from Tether (USDT) with less-frequent attestations and riskier backing, and DAI and other decentralized stablecoins.
·cointelegraph.com·
Stablecoin supplies and cash reserves in question amid crypto exodus
Norges Bank CBDC Sandbox Project
Norges Bank CBDC Sandbox Project
"Nahmii AS are delighted to announce that we have been chosen to work with Norges Bank (the central bank of Norway) on their upcoming experimental CBDC sandbox project. This prestigious award confirms Nahmii AS’s position as a global leader in the blockchain space and represents another milestone for the Bergen-based company." https://www.norges-bank.no/bankplassen/arkiv/2022/eksperimentell-testing-av-digitale-sentralbankpenger/
·blog.nahmii.io·
Norges Bank CBDC Sandbox Project
Resilience of bank liquidity ratios in the presence of a central bank digital currency
Resilience of bank liquidity ratios in the presence of a central bank digital currency
"Given the severity of the scenarios and assumptions, our analysis presents an upper bound estimate of the potential impact a CBDC could have on bank regulatory liquidity ratios. These findings are in line with previous research conducted by the Bank of Canada (García et al. 2020) and the Bank of England (2021), which also conclude that a CBDC or other forms of digital money do not pose a financial stability threat from a liquidity standpoint."
·bankofcanada.ca·
Resilience of bank liquidity ratios in the presence of a central bank digital currency
How Terra's UST and LUNA Imploded - Decrypt
How Terra's UST and LUNA Imploded - Decrypt
"Amid the craziest week in crypto ever, the collapse of Terra's UST stablecoin and governance token LUNA emerged as the biggest story. Amid the crash, LUNA, formerly a top 10 coin by market cap, fell 100% to fraction of a fraction of a cent, and UST, designed to stay pegged at $1, bottomed out at 13 cents."
·decrypt.co·
How Terra's UST and LUNA Imploded - Decrypt
The digital economy, privacy, and CBDC
The digital economy, privacy, and CBDC
This ECB paper studies a model of financial intermediation, payment choice, and privacy in the digital economy. Cash preserves anonymity but cannot be used for more efficient online transactions. By contrast, bank deposits can be used online but do not preserve anonymity. Banks use the information contained in deposit flows to extract rents from merchants in need of financing. Payment tokens issued by digital platforms allow merchants to hide from banks but enable platforms to stifle competition. An independent digital payment instrument (a CBDC) that allows agents to share their payment data with selected parties can overcome all frictions and achieves the efficient allocation.
·ecb.europa.eu·
The digital economy, privacy, and CBDC
Beanstalk cryptocurrency loses $182m of reserves in flash ‘attack’
Beanstalk cryptocurrency loses $182m of reserves in flash ‘attack’
"The Beanstalk cryptocurrency has been stripped of reserves valued at more than $180m (£138m) in seconds, after an attacker used borrowed money to snap up enough voting rights to transfer the money away. Describing itself as a “decentralised credit based stablecoin protocol”, Beanstalk offers a cryptocurrency, called beans, intended to have a stable value of $1 a coin. It effectively operated as a bank, letting savers (“bean farmers”) make deposits (of “beans” into a “field”), and using their savings to ensure that the value of a single bean stayed as close to $1 as possible." https://medium.com/beanstalkfarms/introducing-beanstalk-557c45cb8d80
·theguardian.com·
Beanstalk cryptocurrency loses $182m of reserves in flash ‘attack’
Banco Central del Paraguay studies Central Bank Digital Currency
Banco Central del Paraguay studies Central Bank Digital Currency
[December 15, 2021] "The Central Bank of Paraguay, through Resolution No. 7/21, approved the regulations of the Working Group on Digital Currency of the Central Bank of Paraguay (CBDC, for its acronym in English), in order to monitor the different international initiatives on CBDC, as well as analyzing the implications of an eventual implementation of some type of CBDC by the BCP. The motivation to explore a CBDC is its use as a means of payment. A digital currency issued by the BCP could provide complementary money to the public, adhering to the development of the national payment system, as long as the security of the transactions is preserved."
·web.archive.org·
Banco Central del Paraguay studies Central Bank Digital Currency
Decentralized Stablecoins and Collateral Risk
Decentralized Stablecoins and Collateral Risk
"In this paper, we study the mechanisms that govern price stability of MakerDAO's DAI token, the first decentralized stablecoin. DAI works through a set of autonomous smart contracts, in which users deposit cryptocurrency collateral, typically Ethereum, and borrow a fraction of their positions as DAI tokens. Using data on the universe of collateralized debt positions, we show that DAI price covaries negatively with returns to risky collateral. The peg-price volatility is related to collateral risk, while the stability rate has little ability to stabilize the coin. The introduction of safe collateral types has led to an increase in peg stability."
·papers.ssrn.com·
Decentralized Stablecoins and Collateral Risk