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Bank of Uganda Looking for Consultants for CBDC Feasibility Study (BOU)
Bank of Uganda Looking for Consultants for CBDC Feasibility Study (BOU)
The Bank of Uganda (BOU) is inviting qualified consultants or consulting firms to submit expressions of interest to conduct a comprehensive feasibility study on issuing a central bank digital currency (CBDC) in Uganda, covering technical infrastructure, legal and regulatory aspects, economic and social impacts, operational viability, and a detailed cost-benefit analysis using both quantitative and qualitative methods. The selected firm will assess national digital and payments infrastructure, propose and apply a robust methodology, and deliver specified reports demonstrating understanding, relevant experience, and a workplan. Participation is open under Bank of Uganda procurement rules, with detailed eligibility, experience, and team composition criteria (multi-disciplinary CBDC, payments, economic, legal, cybersecurity, and change-management experts) and a minimum technical score of 70 points for shortlisting. The deadline for submissions is on April 16, 2026. [BOU]
·web.archive.org·
Bank of Uganda Looking for Consultants for CBDC Feasibility Study (BOU)
Western Union has Big Plans for Stablecoins (American Banker)
Western Union has Big Plans for Stablecoins (American Banker)
Western Union is making a strategic pivot toward stablecoins as part of the 175-year-old company’s efforts to transform into a digital-first organization. The company’s own stablecoin — the U.S. Dollar Payment Token (USDPT), issued on the Solana blockchain and managed by U.S. Bank — will convert “negative float” (capital costs from pre-funding partners) into interest-bearing revenue. Beyond revenue generation, USDPT gives Western Union programmable compliance controls across its operations in 200 countries and territories, allowing transaction terms to be customized at the partner level. The stablecoin is also expected to help customers in inflation-prone economies hold dollar-denominated assets. [American Banker]
·finance.yahoo.com·
Western Union has Big Plans for Stablecoins (American Banker)
Tether Appoints KPMG to Complete First Full Audit (Tether)
Tether Appoints KPMG to Complete First Full Audit (Tether)
Tether has appointed KPMG, one of the Big Four accounting firms, to perform a proper audit of its USDT stablecoin. Additionally, according to the Financial Times, Tether has also enlisted PwC, another of the Big four, to help prepare its internal systems for this auditing process. This initiative coincides with Tether's plans to register USDT under the U.S. GENIUS Act, signaling a significant step in its expansion efforts within the U.S. market. [Tether]
·tether.io·
Tether Appoints KPMG to Complete First Full Audit (Tether)
European Council Presses Co-Legislators on Digital Euro Legislation (European Council)
European Council Presses Co-Legislators on Digital Euro Legislation (European Council)
At its meeting on March 19, 2026, the European Council, the body comprising the heads of state or government of all European Union (EU) Member States, called on the EU’s two co-legislators, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union (comprising Member State ministers), to conclude negotiations on the digital euro legislative proposal by end-2026. Although the European Council sets political direction and cannot itself pass legislation, its conclusions carry considerable authority. The deadline is consequential: the ECB has indicated that, assuming the regulation is adopted in 2026, pilot transactions could commence by mid-2027 and a first issuance could occur by 2029, with estimated development costs of approximately €1.3 billion. The ECB’s final decision on whether to issue a digital euro remains contingent on adoption of the enabling legislation.​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​ [European Council]
·consilium.europa.eu·
European Council Presses Co-Legislators on Digital Euro Legislation (European Council)
Public Discourse on Retail Payments and the Case of CBDC (Ulrich Bindseil)
Public Discourse on Retail Payments and the Case of CBDC (Ulrich Bindseil)
Ulrich Bindseil posted a white paper that analyzes retail payments as a network industry shaped by strong incentives to influence public opinion and regulation. Due to network effects, high fixed costs, and path dependence, multiple architectures can deliver similar outcomes while redistributing value across stakeholders. The paper maps how banks, card schemes, Bigtechs, merchants, consumers, crypto actors, and public authorities promote strategic narratives, creating a noisy and biased policy debate. It evaluates central bank digital currency (CBDC) as a central policy choice, alongside alternatives such as regulation or public instant-payment systems. One of the paper’s key insights is that retail payment outcomes are not determined purely by efficiency, but by strategic communication, political economy, and institutional design under uncertainty. In addition, effective policy requires independent analysis, transparency, and preserving a balance between public and private money. [SSRN]
·papers.ssrn.com·
Public Discourse on Retail Payments and the Case of CBDC (Ulrich Bindseil)
Offline Payments at Scale as Digital Money (Crunchfish)
Offline Payments at Scale as Digital Money (Crunchfish)
Crunchfish published an executive white paper that reframes offline payments from a resilience add-on to ledger-based payments platforms to core payments infrastructure. In a fully digital economy, the absence of offline capability becomes a systemic vulnerability, but the architecture matters. The paper provides an analytical framework for evaluating offline models as a lens for institutional alignment. It distinguishes between immediate offline (which shifts value and risk to devices), deferred offline (preserves ledger money but introduces credit and reconciliation risk) and governed offline (reservation-based in which funds remain reserved at source, enabling offline execution with deterministic settlement). The governed offline model aligns with card pre-authorization and smart contract settlement. In the case of central bank digital currency (CBDC) it maintains central bank control offline, preserves singleness of digital money and avoids fragmentation. [Crunchfish]
·crunchfish.com·
Offline Payments at Scale as Digital Money (Crunchfish)
Stablecoins and the Future of Payments: Evidence from Financial Markets (IMF)
Stablecoins and the Future of Payments: Evidence from Financial Markets (IMF)
The IMF published a working paper that argues that recent U.S. stablecoin legislation is interpreted by markets as a major pro‑competitive shock to the payments industry. Using high‑frequency stock‑price data around key votes on the Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins (GENIUS) Act, they estimate that passage reduced incumbent U.S. payment firms’ aggregate market capitalization by about 18% (roughly $300 billion) once anticipation is accounted for, with larger losses for cross‑border specialists and smaller or no losses for firms protected by strong network effects or already offering crypto services. The authors infer that investors expect regulated, fully backed “payment stablecoins” to materially intensify competition—especially in cross‑border payments—while leaving open how far network incumbency and early crypto engagement will mitigate disruption over time. [IMF]
·imf.org·
Stablecoins and the Future of Payments: Evidence from Financial Markets (IMF)
Bermuda's Premier Lays Ground for Digitally Native Dollar (Royal Gazette)
Bermuda's Premier Lays Ground for Digitally Native Dollar (Royal Gazette)
Bermuda’s Premier David Burt signalled a shift from the Government’s earlier strategy of relying solely on privately issued stablecoins toward exploring a digitally native Bermuda dollar, saying pilots and growing experience with stablecoin-based payments have prompted reconsideration of a public-sector role in issuance. He framed the prospective digital Bermuda dollar as a complementary, local instrument aimed at reducing friction in P2G transactions and strengthening monetary identity in a dollarized economy, noting that the Bermuda Monetary Authority and Ministry of Finance are now aligned on a legislative roadmap and beginning to evaluate infrastructure partners. While current stablecoin pilots continue and officials are examining whether such tokens could be accepted as legal tender, Burt emphasized that a future digital Bermuda dollar “may not be privately issued stable coins,” underscoring concerns that have been raised about consumer protection, dependence on private issuers, and the resilience of an “onchain” economy. [Royal Gazette]
·royalgazette.com·
Bermuda's Premier Lays Ground for Digitally Native Dollar (Royal Gazette)
Crypto-linked Card Activity Rebounds, Expands Globally (Visa)
Crypto-linked Card Activity Rebounds, Expands Globally (Visa)
Visa reports that crypto-linked card use on its network has rebounded since the 2022 “crypto winter,” with payment volumes recovering toward prior highs and becoming more geographically diverse, now led by Asia Pacific rather than being concentrated in Europe and North America. These cards let consumers spend cryptocurrencies or stablecoins anywhere Visa is accepted, with instant conversion to local fiat at the point of sale so merchants receive standard Visa payments and need not change their acceptance or settlement arrangements. Volumes surged roughly elevenfold between January 2021 and April 2022 alongside a sharp rise in Bitcoin’s price and a fivefold increase in stablecoin supply, then flattened after the Terra Luna collapse before resuming steady growth from 2024 in line with expanding stablecoin issuance. [Visa]
·corporate.visa.com·
Crypto-linked Card Activity Rebounds, Expands Globally (Visa)
Consultation on the Eurosystem's Appia Project (ECB)
Consultation on the Eurosystem's Appia Project (ECB)
The European Central Bank (ECB) published an update to its Appia project aimed at enabling the settlement of distributed ledger technology (DLT) transactions using central bank money (CeBM). Appia is the longer-term initiative to provide tokenized CeBM for DLT-based wholesale markets via a unified settlement ecosystem. The update concerns the launching a formal consultation inviting market and public authorities to comment on Appia’s proposed DLT‑based wholesale ecosystem design and six‑block workplan via a structured questionnaire due 22 April 2026. Feedback will shape standards, governance choices, cross‑border linkages, and prioritization of analytical and practical work toward a 2028 blueprint. [ECB]
·ecb.europa.eu·
Consultation on the Eurosystem's Appia Project (ECB)
ECB Workshop on Pontes Platform Decentralized Programmability (ECB)
ECB Workshop on Pontes Platform Decentralized Programmability (ECB)
The European Central Bank (ECB) published an update to its Pontes aimed at enabling the settlement of distributed ledger technology (DLT) transactions using central bank money (CeBM). Pontes is the near-term DLT-based interoperability solution linking DLT platforms with TARGET Services so DLT transactions settle in CeBM, using API-based trigger and hash-link mechanisms and dedicated DLT cash wallets funded from TARGET accounts. The update focused on market-developed smart contracts deployed by national central banks on the Eurosystem DLT ("decentralized programmability") that would enable cash-locking for delivery-versus-payment, programmable payments, microtransactions, DLT interoperability, and automated corporate actions. [ECB]
·ecb.europa.eu·
ECB Workshop on Pontes Platform Decentralized Programmability (ECB)
ECB Calls for Experts to Participate in Digital Euro Rulebook Development (ECB)
ECB Calls for Experts to Participate in Digital Euro Rulebook Development (ECB)
The European Central Bank (ECB) launched a call for experts to join two workstreams under the digital euro Rulebook Development Group (RDG) to support further development of the digital euro scheme rulebook, which will set common rules, standards and procedures for using the digital euro across the euro area. One workstream (G5) will focus on implementation specifications for ATMs and payment terminals, including communication technologies, integration of offline digital euro functionality and leveraging existing standards, requiring expertise in ATM and terminal interfacing or provision. The other (B1) will design a certification and approval framework for testing and certifying payment and acceptance solutions and infrastructure used by payment service providers in the digital euro ecosystem, requiring expertise in payments and acceptance devices. The ECB notes that the flexible draft rulebook will be updated to reflect the outcome of the EU legislative process, with any decision to issue a digital euro to follow only after legislation is adopted. [ECB]
·ecb.europa.eu·
ECB Calls for Experts to Participate in Digital Euro Rulebook Development (ECB)
SEC Approves Nasdaq’s Securities Tokenization Plan (SEC)
SEC Approves Nasdaq’s Securities Tokenization Plan (SEC)

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) approved a Nasdaq rule change allowing certain listed securities to clear and settle in tokenized form via a Depository Trust Company (DTC) tokenization pilot. The order authorizes trading tokenized versions of large-cap equities and major index exchange-traded funds (ETFs) on the same order book, with identical CUSIP, symbol, rights, and execution priority as traditional shares, with tokenization preferences expressed through an order flag and implemented post‑trade by DTC. This embeds distributed-ledger-based entitlements within existing exchange, clearing, and surveillance infrastructures, preserves T+1 settlement, and treats tokenized and traditional shares identically for fees, market data, and audit trail. The SEC frames the decision as technology‑neutral, while leaving broader questions about alternative tokenization models, issuer choice, and future non‑fungible tokenized instruments to subsequent rulemakings. [SEC]

·sec.gov·
SEC Approves Nasdaq’s Securities Tokenization Plan (SEC)
Zero Knowledge Proof Authentication for Offline CBDC Payments (arXiv)
Zero Knowledge Proof Authentication for Offline CBDC Payments (arXiv)
Santanu Mondal and T. Chithralekha propose a hybrid offline central bank digital currency (CBDC) architecture that uses zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) and secure hardware to enable cash-like payments on resource-constrained internet of things (IoT) devices while preserving regulatory oversight. The system combines a two-tier CBDC model with hierarchical “main wallet / IoT sub‑wallets,” secure elements and trusted execution environments for tamper-resistant key storage and counters, and NFC/BLE device-to-device transfers backed by lightweight ZKPs. This operationalizes intermittently offline CBDC designs, translating privacy-preserving anti–money laundering and counter–terrorist financing rules into on-device limits and ZKP circuits rather than continuous online monitoring, thereby shifting supervisory leverage into protocol and hardware design choices. Unresolved are empirical tradeoffs among proof complexity, device diversity, and real-world performance under regulatory stress scenarios. [arXiv]
·arxiv.org·
Zero Knowledge Proof Authentication for Offline CBDC Payments (arXiv)
Bank of Korea Launches Full-Scale Implementation of "Project Han River" Phase 2 (BOK)
Bank of Korea Launches Full-Scale Implementation of "Project Han River" Phase 2 (BOK)
The Bank of Korea (BOK) announced Phase II of Project Hangang. It aims to trial large-scale, won-pegged deposit tokens built on a wholesale central bank digital currency (CBDC) layer, to cut transaction costs for both major corporations and small merchants burdened by credit card fees, building on Phase I’s system build out and 2025 live pilot. Participating banks will expand from 7 to 9 and merchant coverage will be significantly broadened. Phase II will test person to person transfers, biometric authentication, and automatic deposit token funding and sweep out. It will also deepen programmability, using digital vouchers in blockchain based treasury pilots such as an electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure project, and continue experiments with AI agent payments and tokenized bonds and equities. The 2026 agenda includes support for government treasury execution, and external consulting on regulation and operating models, with a Phase III vision of low cost universal payments, programmable financial services, and infrastructure for Korea’s broader digital asset ecosystem. [BOK]
·bok.or.kr·
Bank of Korea Launches Full-Scale Implementation of "Project Han River" Phase 2 (BOK)
Central Bank of Barbados Delays BiMPay Go-Live Date (CBOB)
Central Bank of Barbados Delays BiMPay Go-Live Date (CBOB)
The Central Bank of Barbados (CBOB) announced a revised June 12, 2026 go‑live date for BiMPay, the national instant payment system (IPS), following slower‑than‑planned interoperability testing across nine participating institutions. The Bank asserts core infrastructure readiness but prioritizes institution‑level reliability, setting binding user‑acceptance testing deadlines and ruling out further extensions. The move underscores governance discipline in IPS rollout and leaves open how lagging participants will be managed without disrupting existing Automated Clearing House services. [CBOB]
·centralbank.org.bb·
Central Bank of Barbados Delays BiMPay Go-Live Date (CBOB)
How Canada Can Shape the Future of Stablecoins and Digital Payments (CD Howe Institute)
How Canada Can Shape the Future of Stablecoins and Digital Payments (CD Howe Institute)
The CD Howe Institute published an article in which Peter MacKenzie and Mark Zelmer argue that Canada must rapidly operationalize its Stablecoin Act and consider a central bank digital currency (CBDC) to avoid ceding payment-system sovereignty to U.S. dollar-linked stablecoins enabled by the GENIUS Act. They note that GENIUS-backed U.S. stablecoins and foreign exchanges could become core Canadian payment rails, undermining monetary sovereignty, domestic oversight, and data access, while Canada’s high-level Stablecoin Act leaves key issues on reserves, operations, and foreign platforms unresolved. The authors propose a function-based, two-track regime that treats pure payment stablecoins as fully backed payment instruments under Bank of Canada oversight and keeps tokenized deposits in the banking framework, complemented by Bank of Canada liquidity lines and a CBDC settlement layer to preserve singleness of money and cross-platform interoperability. They stress that the open question is whether Canada will implement detailed, “comparable” rules fast enough to shape international arrangements rather than import foreign standards. [CD Howe Institute]
·cdhowe.org·
How Canada Can Shape the Future of Stablecoins and Digital Payments (CD Howe Institute)
Which is the Fairest of all Tokenized Monies? (OMFIF)
Which is the Fairest of all Tokenized Monies? (OMFIF)
OMFIF published an article in which Ousmène Mandeng pitches tokenized money market fund (MMF) shares as an alternative tokenized settlement asset. They offer bankruptcy‑remote, interest‑bearing claims on sovereign or high‑quality assets rather than bank balance sheets. By enabling instant delivery‑versus‑delivery transfer and collateralization without title transfer, tokenized MMFs could shift institutional liquidity management from episodic subscription/redemption to continuous circulation, potentially easing run dynamics and unlocking high‑quality collateral for intraday liquidity and cross‑border settlement. Constant net asset value MMFs invested in government securities could function as par settlement instruments with favorable prudential treatment, positioning them as strong competitors to tokenized deposits and stablecoins in wholesale use cases. Key uncertainties concern the robustness of distributed ledger technology, the status of the on‑chain versus off‑chain legal register and the prudential and regulatory classification of these instruments, which will determine their scalability and systemic role. [OMFIF]
·omfif.org·
Which is the Fairest of all Tokenized Monies? (OMFIF)
Stablecoins Are Coming for FX Markets (Delphi Digital)
Stablecoins Are Coming for FX Markets (Delphi Digital)
Delphi Digital argues that dollar stablecoins are rapidly gaining share in FX, especially in long‑tail emerging market corridors where legacy correspondent banking makes cross‑border payments slow and expensive, with most costs driven by infrastructure rather than FX risk. In corridors like Argentina or Nigeria, fees and spreads are largely compensation for pre‑funded nostro/vostro accounts, delayed settlement, credit risk, and multiple intermediaries, so stablecoin rails that offer atomic, near‑instant settlement in tokenized dollars can undercut banks and keep corridors viable. The piece highlights that new infrastructures show how on‑chain FX could settle in seconds instead of days. However, it stresses that fiat on/off‑ramps remain the main bottleneck, since bank wires still run on legacy batch rails and regulatory frictions, implying that stablecoins will not displace major FX pairs soon but are already rebuilding broken payment rails in under‑served corridors. [Delphi Digital]
·x.com·
Stablecoins Are Coming for FX Markets (Delphi Digital)
The Curious Case of the Stablecoin Sandwich (LinkedIn)
The Curious Case of the Stablecoin Sandwich (LinkedIn)
G+D's Lars Hupel posted an article on LinkedIn that argues that the “stablecoin sandwich” model for cross‑border payments—converting local currency to a (mostly USD) stablecoin, sending it on‑chain, then converting back—largely replicates traditional correspondent banking rather than solving its hardest problems, because liquidity is concentrated in a few USD‑denominated stablecoins and most currencies lack deep stablecoin markets, so efficiency gains are modest and partly driven by regulatory arbitrage rather than technology; meanwhile, central banks are pursuing more promising alternatives like interlinking instant payment systems, broadening access to real-time gross settlement systems (RTGSs) to non‑banks, and building multilateral central bank digital currency (CBDC) platforms such as mBridge and Project Agorá, which more directly tackle fragmentation and access in cross‑border payments. [LinkedIn]
·linkedin.com·
The Curious Case of the Stablecoin Sandwich (LinkedIn)
Public vs. Private Payment Platforms: Market Impacts and Optimal Policy (Bank of Canada)
Public vs. Private Payment Platforms: Market Impacts and Optimal Policy (Bank of Canada)
The Bank of Canada published a paper that studies competition between a welfare-maximizing public payment platform (e.g., fast payment system) and a profit-maximizing private platform. It finds that the public system should not simply aim to be as cheap as possible, because if it undercuts the private one too aggressively it can actually reduce the overall benefits from having both systems in the market. When a public system enters, more people and businesses use electronic payments and consumers are generally better off, but private providers tend to respond by putting more of their fees onto merchants. The authors also argue that if the public platform is required to cover its costs but forbids fees on consumers, it must load more of those costs onto merchants via fees, which could then reduce merchant participation, which in turn weakens the value of the platform to consumers and erodes the potential welfare gains from having the public system in the first place. [Bank of Canada]
·bankofcanada.ca·
Public vs. Private Payment Platforms: Market Impacts and Optimal Policy (Bank of Canada)
Emerging Capabilities in Fast Payments: NFC and Offline Payments (World Bank)
Emerging Capabilities in Fast Payments: NFC and Offline Payments (World Bank)

The World Bank published a technical note outlining how fast payment systems (FPS) can incorporate near-field communication (NFC) and offline payment capabilities as “extended” channels and instruments, largely implemented at the payment service provider (PSP) level rather than in central infrastructure. The paper argues that NFC can shift consumer-initiated payments from cards and QR codes toward FPS by providing tap-based, tokenized, real-time credit transfers across payer‑ and payee‑initiated models, while raising device, scheme-rule, and fraud‑management questions. Offline models—deferred, temporary person‑to‑person, and person‑to‑merchant wallets—are positioned as critical for transit, low‑connectivity regions, and inclusion, but they introduce double‑spend, liability, and supervision challenges that require tight limits, secure elements, and explicit policy stances on where offline FPS should remain an exception versus a mainstream channel. [World Bank]

·fastpayments.worldbank.org·
Emerging Capabilities in Fast Payments: NFC and Offline Payments (World Bank)
Stablecoin = Fracturedcoin (FT)
Stablecoin = Fracturedcoin (FT)
This FT article critiques stablecoins’ ability to function as “single” money because issuance across multiple permissionless blockchains makes nominally identical tokens non‑fungible, fragments liquidity, and forces risky, costly bridging for interoperability. It argues that validator compensation via congestion rents and gas‑fee auctions means users internalise scaling costs, so network effects that underpin efficient payment instruments are weakened and stablecoins resemble a set of siloed instruments rather than a unified monetary asset. The piece suggests this undercuts claims that distributed consensus can substitute for a central bank’s common ledger, and raises a policy question: as stablecoin issuers obtain direct access to central bank payment rails, should regulators treat these liabilities as peripheral crypto instruments or integrate them into a consolidated, tightly supervised monetary framework?
·ft.com·
Stablecoin = Fracturedcoin (FT)
Tokenomics and Blockchain Fragmentation (BIS)
Tokenomics and Blockchain Fragmentation (BIS)
The BIS published a Hyun Song Shin paper that develops a global-games model of distributed technology technology (DLT) network validator coordination to show that higher decentralization requires disproportionately higher validator rents funded by user fees. This implies that capacity must be endogenously constrained and congestion is structurally necessary rather than incidental. This tokenomic structure induces entry of lower-security, lower-fee chains that attract users priced out of incumbent ledgers, generating persistent fragmentation across base layers and layer‑2s and eroding the network effects that normally drive convergence on a single medium of exchange. As a result, for example, nominally identical stablecoins on different chains are non‑fungible, bridged rather than natively interoperable, so liquidity and acceptance remain chain‑specific despite common issuers and regulatory regimes. The paper argues that a central‑bank‑anchored trust and settlement layer is required to deliver monetary integration, rather than relying on fully decentralized consensus. [BIS]
·bis.org·
Tokenomics and Blockchain Fragmentation (BIS)
Appia Roadmap for European Tokenized Finance (ECB)
Appia Roadmap for European Tokenized Finance (ECB)
The European Central Bank (ECB) published the Appia roadmap, a strategic workplan to design a tokenized wholesale financial ecosystem in Europe in which central bank money remains the settlement anchor. It will complement its Pontes distributed ledger technology (DLT) settlement solution due to launch in late 2026. Appia will, through structured engagement with market participants and public bodies, generate by 2028 a blueprint for tokenized market infrastructures, including choices between shared versus interconnected DLT networks and associated governance and standard-setting. It seeks to preserve effective monetary policy transmission, safeguard financial stability and payment system functioning, and reduce market fragmentation while enabling smart-contract based innovation in securities and payments. It also has a strategic autonomy dimension, aiming to keep euro-denominated financial market infrastructures competitive and interoperable in a tokenized world. The key open questions concern optimal network configuration, European governance arrangements and how far private infrastructures should rely on central bank money in tokenized form. [ECB]
·ecb.europa.eu·
Appia Roadmap for European Tokenized Finance (ECB)
Stablecoins and the Missing Infrastructure Layer (LinkedIn)
Stablecoins and the Missing Infrastructure Layer (LinkedIn)
Tord Coucheron posted a paper that argues that stablecoin growth reflects a structural response to cross‑border payment frictions in correspondent banking, not a fundamental demand for new private money. It shows that liquidity fragmentation, prefunding costs, and opaque, sequential settlement make traditional cross‑border transfers slow and capital‑intensive, making privately issued tokenized settlement claims economically attractive despite reserve and governance risks. It then introduces a real‑time multi‑currency financial market infrastructure (FMI) in central bank money, where banks hold multiple currencies and settle via payment‑versus‑payment (PvP), driving settlement costs toward zero and preserving the deposit‑funded banking model, monetary policy transmission, and monetary sovereignty. [LinkedIn]
·linkedin.com·
Stablecoins and the Missing Infrastructure Layer (LinkedIn)
National Bank of Kazakhstan Digital Tenge Annual Review (NPCK)
National Bank of Kazakhstan Digital Tenge Annual Review (NPCK)
The National Payment Corporation of Kazakhstan (NBK) published its annual review of the Digital Tenge project, which has shifted from research (2021) to limited production (2023) and scaled pilots in state-related payments (2025) within a broader National Digital Financial Infrastructure strategy. Programmable applications are focused on government spending, tax administration (“Digital VAT”), and targeted subsidies, rather than large-scale retail distribution. It operationalizes central bank digital currency (CBDC) as fiscal and public-finance infrastructure, tightening traceability, automating conditionality, and integrating with identification, anti-fraud, and open banking rails, rather than as a standalone payments product. The open question is how far Kazakhstan will extend CBDC use beyond state-linked flows and cross-border experiments once the 2026 roadmap and full-scale production decisions are implemented. [NPCK]
·npck.kz·
National Bank of Kazakhstan Digital Tenge Annual Review (NPCK)
Stablecoin Shocks (IMF)
Stablecoin Shocks (IMF)
The IMF published a paper that constructs narrative, high-frequency measures of “stablecoin shocks” based on USDT/USDC market-cap changes around stablecoin-specific news to identify their causal effects on U.S. financial markets. A 1 percent stablecoin demand shock persistently lowers short-term Treasury yields (about 1.9 bps at the 1‑month tenor), with limited effects on longer maturities. The broad dollar index modestly depreciates and crypto prices rise, with a small, economically minor increase in the S&P 500. Equity effects are heterogeneous: payment providers and crypto platforms benefiting from stablecoin infrastructure see gains, while large and community banks and major retailers show no significant response, implying markets do not yet price material disintermediation risk. Results are robust across identification strategies, event definitions, and econometric specifications. [IMF]
·imf.org·
Stablecoin Shocks (IMF)
Bank of Canada Completes DLT-Based Bond Issuance Experiment (BOC)
Bank of Canada Completes DLT-Based Bond Issuance Experiment (BOC)
The Bank of Canada (BOC) published a paper on the Project Samara live experiment where Export Development Corporation (EDC) issued a Canadian dollar (CAD) bond on a permissioned distributed ledger technology (DLT) platform and settled it in wholesale central bank digital money (W‑CAD), to test end‑to‑end tokenized issuance, T+0 atomic delivery-versus-settlement (DvP) settlement, secondary trading, and lifecycle management on a shared infrastructure. Built on Hyperledger Fabric with separate bond and cash ledgers linked by Hyperledger Weaver hash time lock contracts (HTLCs), the platform consolidates workflows that in traditional CAD markets span multiple intermediaries and systems. The project confirms technical feasibility and shows meaningful efficiency and risk‑management gains from automation, reduced reconciliation, real‑time positions, and atomic settlement. However, it finds higher liquidity costs, added operational and governance complexity, new key‑management and cyber risks, and significant legal/regulatory frictions. [BOC]
·bankofcanada.ca·
Bank of Canada Completes DLT-Based Bond Issuance Experiment (BOC)
Targeted Report on Stablecoin and Unhosted Wallet P2P Transactions (FATF]
Targeted Report on Stablecoin and Unhosted Wallet P2P Transactions (FATF]
The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) published a report that concludes that stablecoins, now a major share of on‑chain and illicit virtual‑asset activity, create elevated money laundering/ terrorist financing/ proliferation financing (ML/TF/PF) risks, especially via P2P transfers through unhosted wallets outside direct anti-money laundering/ countering the financing of terrorism/ counter proliferation financing (AML/CFT) controls. FATF affirms that stablecoins are virtual assets and that issuers, intermediaries and relevant DeFi actors must be regulated as virtual asset service providers (VASPs) or financial institutions under Recommendation 15, with licensing, supervision, Travel Rule compliance and sanctions screening. Jurisdictions are encouraged to build stablecoin‑specific regimes, require issuers to embed technical controls (freeze, burn, allow/deny‑lists) and strengthen cross‑border supervisory cooperation and data collection on P2P use. The report stresses expanded use of blockchain analytics, targeted controls on transfers to unhosted wallets, structured public‑private partnerships, and detailed red‑flag indicators to guide monitoring and investigations. [FATF]
·fatf-gafi.org·
Targeted Report on Stablecoin and Unhosted Wallet P2P Transactions (FATF]