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In praise of anti-money laundering thresholds
In praise of anti-money laundering thresholds
"The original $10,000 cash reporting threshold was set back in 1945 by Henry Morgenthau, a level that was ratified in 1972 after the passage of the Bank Secrecy Act. This level has never been adjusted. (Morgenthau also set a second and lower $1,000 threshohold, but this only applied when banknotes in denominations of $50 or higher were involved). Alas, inflation has been steadily eating into each thresholds' real value. When the Bank Secrecy Act was passed, $10,000 was worth $75,000 in today's dollars. In Morgenthau's time it was equal to $173,000. Either way, when the data collection apparatus was first established and the Pragmatic Compromise reached, most people's day-to-day cash withdrawals and deposits would have been sheltered from reported requirements. With the passage of time and inflation, a much wider swathe of civilian cash transactions have lost the protection offered by Morgenthau's $10,000 threshold. That means more snooping. It also means more debanking. Rather than absorbing the growing compliance costs of having "risky" cash-reliant customers, banks are closing accounts"
·jpkoning.blogspot.com·
In praise of anti-money laundering thresholds
IOSCO publishes crypto markets policy recommendations
IOSCO publishes crypto markets policy recommendations
The International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) published its conclusive report containing policy suggestions for crypto-asset and digital asset markets, after a consultation period that started in May 2023. The recommendations aim to help establish a coordinated global regulatory response to the risks posed by crypto-asset service providers (CASPs), including market abuse, conflict of interest, client asset protection and disclosures. The regulatory approach taken is consistent with IOSCO’s principles and associated standards for securities markets regulation, and IOSCO denied crypto industry requests for a bespoke regime for stablecoins. https://www.iosco.org/library/pubdocs/pdf/IOSCOPD747.pdf
·coindesk.com·
IOSCO publishes crypto markets policy recommendations
MAS Lays Foundation for Safe and Innovative Use of Digital Money in Singapore
MAS Lays Foundation for Safe and Innovative Use of Digital Money in Singapore
The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) unveiled three initiatives to ensure the safe and innovative use of digital money in Singapore. First there is the Orchid Blueprint that sets out the technology and infrastructure building blocks that would be required to facilitate digital money transactions in the future. Second there are four new Project Orchid digital money trials, including testing the broad applicability of purpose bound money, which enables money to be directed towards a specific purpose, without requiring money itself to be programmed. Third “live” wholesale CBDC will be tested, with the first pilot focusing on settling retail payments between commercial banks, and future pilots possibly focusing on settling cross-border securities trades. The Orchid Blueprint will support single-currency stablecoins that will be regulated for their value stability under MAS’ proposed regulatory framework for stablecoin activities. The Blueprint will also support tokenized bank deposits issued by MAS-regulated banks.
·mas.gov.sg·
MAS Lays Foundation for Safe and Innovative Use of Digital Money in Singapore
The Subtle Art of Slow: The CBDC Adoption Journey
The Subtle Art of Slow: The CBDC Adoption Journey
Jonas Gross and Conrad Kraft argue that, although the slow uptake of retail CBDC pilots and launches may be viewed as disappointing by some, it isn't uncommon among transformative payment technologies (e.g., credit cards, online banking and e-wallets). They provide a number of key factors that can guide the gradual transition to wider-spread CBDC adoption, such as education and awareness, maintaining a focus on technological advancements and security, developing regulations that support CBDC growth, and collaborating with all stakeholders, including merchants, banks and payment service providers. And most importantly, "CBDC must offer unique features that surpass the capabilities of existing payment instruments... A CBDC that merely replicates current digital money, differing only in its central bank backing (largely imperceptible to potential users), won't attract widespread use."
·coindesk.com·
The Subtle Art of Slow: The CBDC Adoption Journey
HRF Launches Central Bank Digital Currency Tracker
HRF Launches Central Bank Digital Currency Tracker
The Human Rights Foundation (HRF) launched a central bank digital currency (CBDC) tracker that focuses on civil liberties and human rights impacts. of people living under authoritarian regimes. According to tracker, central banks in 119 countries are currently researching, piloting, or deploying CBDCs, and the HRF estimates that 3.7 billion people (46% of the world population) are living under autocracies currently experimenting with CBDCs. The coverage is similar to that provided by the Atlantic Council's CBDC tracker, and similarly double counts currency zone countries to pump up the numbers, which the crowd-sourced CBDCTracker.org does not do.
·hrf.org·
HRF Launches Central Bank Digital Currency Tracker
IMF Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) Virtual Handbook
IMF Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) Virtual Handbook
The IMF launched its Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) Virtual Handbook, a reference guide for policymakers and experts at central banks and ministries of finance. It also serves as the basis for the IMF’s engagement with country authorities and other stakeholders. The CBDC Handbook aims to collect and share knowledge, lessons, empirical findings, and frameworks to address policymakers’ most frequently asked questions on CBDCs. As the IMF's body of knowledge and analysis grows, it will continue to add about five chapters every year aiming to provide about twenty chapters by 2026. Moreover, chapters will be periodically updated, reflecting evolving views.
·imf.org·
IMF Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) Virtual Handbook
National Bank of Kazakhstan launches digital tenge pilot
National Bank of Kazakhstan launches digital tenge pilot
The National Bank of Kazakhstan (NBK) kicked off a central bank digital currency (CBDC) pilot involving second tier banks and their clients. The architecture of the platform allows the use of digital tenge by opening a digital account in the mobile application of the banks, between which users can make payments and money transfers. Also, Almaty city administration will distribute automated social support payments using smart contract technology. Also, participating banks have issued digital cards in cooperation with international payment systems like MasterCard and Visa, so that . holders can make digital tenge payments and transfers with familiar form factors.
·nationalbank.kz·
National Bank of Kazakhstan launches digital tenge pilot
Fnality adds Goldman, BNP Paribas, DTCC in $95m funding round
Fnality adds Goldman, BNP Paribas, DTCC in $95m funding round
Goldman Sachs, BNP Paribas and DTCC joined Fnality's £77.7 million Series B funding round. Formerly called Utility Settlement Coin, Fnality plans to offer a wholesale payment and settlement platform using stablecoins backed by deposits at central banks. So far it's operational only in the U.K., where banks can transfer money from their Bank of England accounts to the Fnality UK central bank account where it’s tokenized. Because the money is tokenized it enables instant atomic securities transaction settlement. One of the intended use cases is cross currency payments, but that will need the cooperation of other central banks, which has been slow in coming. https://www.fnality.org/news-views/fnality-international-raises-77.7m-in-series-b-funding-round
·ledgerinsights.com·
Fnality adds Goldman, BNP Paribas, DTCC in $95m funding round
Global toolkit on regulatory sandbox for central bank digital currency
Global toolkit on regulatory sandbox for central bank digital currency
The United Nations has published a sandbox framework that maps out the steps and key elements for the designing and operationalizing central bank digital currency (CBDC). First a proof of concept (PoC) is used as part of the selection process for the CBDC issuing system, and then the sandbox is used to test the basic capabilities of the platform to issue CBDC securely. Then banks and other payment service providers (PSPs) are brought in to test settlement functions. When key criteria have been met, then the CBDC can be released for pilots with real CBDC for use with selected groups of users, merchants, and other stakeholders. The framework was developed in collaboration with the Maldives Monetary Authority, and the work goes back at least to September 2022.
·unescap.org·
Global toolkit on regulatory sandbox for central bank digital currency
China’s Digital Currency and Blockchain Network: Disparate Projects or Two Sides of the Same Coin?
China’s Digital Currency and Blockchain Network: Disparate Projects or Two Sides of the Same Coin?
“China is simultaneously developing two ambitious projects that aim to digitize key parts of its economy and, if successful, may have broad implications for economies beyond its borders. Often conflated, the Digital Yuan (数字人民币, shùzì rénmínbì, also known as e-CNY) and the Blockchain-based Service Network (BSN, 区块链服务网络, qūkuàiliàn fúwù wǎngluò) are distinct technologies—and the success of either is not uniquely predicated on that of the other. But experts, as well as the organizations spearheading these projects, suggest that they have the potential to augment one another in the future.”
·digichina.stanford.edu·
China’s Digital Currency and Blockchain Network: Disparate Projects or Two Sides of the Same Coin?
ECCB preparing to launch 'DCash 2.0'
ECCB preparing to launch 'DCash 2.0'
The Eastern Caribbean Central Bank (ECCB) is preparing for a full "commercial deployment" of DCash, the central bank digital currency (CBDC) it has been piloting since March 2021. Governor Timothy Antoine said the ECCB "intends to move forward with alacrity" on the CBDC project, "and will conclude its pilot [by end-2023] and launch DCash 2.0, which is commercial deployment".
·centralbanking.com·
ECCB preparing to launch 'DCash 2.0'
Large fiat-backed stablecoins depegged 600+ times in 2023
Large fiat-backed stablecoins depegged 600+ times in 2023
There have been 609 depegs among large cap fiat-backed stablecoins so far this year, according to Moody’s Analytics. Depegs are defined by the price of stablecoins fluctuating by more than three percent in a day against their fiat currency peg. Among a total of 1,914 depegs up to mid-September 2023, large cap stablecoins represented 609 depegs. By comparison, in 2022, there were 707 large cap depegs (including the top five stablecoins by market cap, including Ethereum blockchain’s DAI) and a total of 2,847 depegs.
·moodysanalytics.com·
Large fiat-backed stablecoins depegged 600+ times in 2023
EU Unveils Capital Requirements for Stablecoin Issuers
EU Unveils Capital Requirements for Stablecoin Issuers
The European Banking Authority (EBA) launched consultations on draft stablecoin regulatory requirements. Smaller stablecoins must hold at least 30% of their reserves at commercial banks (for significant stablecoins it’s 60%). (A significant stablecoin is one with at least €5 billion in reserves or more than ten million users.) Also, no more than 10% can be held at one bank (5% if the bank is a small one), and deposits from a single stablecoin can’t make up more than 2.5% of a bank’s assets. There are also rules on the maturity of assets. Plus there are requirements for non cash liquid assets (government, local or quasi-government debt) and restrictions on the maximum exposure to a single issuer. https://www.ledgerinsights.com/eu-stablecoin-reserves-consultation/
·financemagnates.com·
EU Unveils Capital Requirements for Stablecoin Issuers
Will the real stablecoin please stand up?
Will the real stablecoin please stand up?
The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) published a paper that provides an overview of the evolution of the stablecoin market and examines whether stablecoins are actually “stable”. It studies 68 stablecoins and shows that none of them have been able to maintain parity with their pegs at all times. Moreover, it argues that there is currently no guarantee that stablecoin issuers could redeem users’ stablecoins in full and on demand. For these reasons, it concludes that the current crop of stablecoins don’t meet the key criteria for being a safe store of value and a trustworthy means of payment in the real economy. The paper also highlights some significant data gaps.
·bis.org·
Will the real stablecoin please stand up?
SARB commences feasibility study for a retail CBDC
SARB commences feasibility study for a retail CBDC
[May 2021] "The South African Reserve Bank (SARB) has embarked on a study to investigate the feasibility, desirability and appropriateness of a central bank digital currency (CBDC) as electronic legal tender, for general-purpose retail use, complementary to cash. A retail CBDC can be defined as a digital form of cash aimed at providing the best attributes of both cash and electronic payments."
·resbank.co.za·
SARB commences feasibility study for a retail CBDC
First official ECB mention of CBDC plans?
First official ECB mention of CBDC plans?
[January 2020] "In terms of the road ahead, the ECB will continue to assess the costs and benefits of issuing a central bank digital currency (CBDC) that would ensure that the general public remains able to use central bank money even if the use of physical cash eventually declines. However, the prospect of central bank initiatives should neither discourage nor crowd out private market-led solutions for fast and efficient retail payments in the euro area. We are looking closely into the feasibility and merits of a CBDC, also because it could have major implications for the financial sector and for the transmission of monetary policy. At the end of 2019 we created an expert task force at the ECB that will work closely with the national central banks to study the feasibility of a euro area CBDC in various forms, covering all the practical aspects, including how to minimise possible unintended side-effects."
·ecb.europa.eu·
First official ECB mention of CBDC plans?
Mastercard Shows How Existing Commercial Bank Rails Could Drive CBDC Adoption
Mastercard Shows How Existing Commercial Bank Rails Could Drive CBDC Adoption
"Mastercard has completed the Hong Kong Monetary Authority's (HKMA) e-HKD Pilot Programme, which demonstrated the efficacy of the Mastercard Multi-Token Network solution to settle Web3 transactions involving decentralized applications and digital assets, such as NFTs. The pilot also showcased the potential for seamless funding and settlement in and out of Web3 marketplaces via a retail central bank digital currency (CBDC), such as e-HKD in the future.
·prnewswire.com·
Mastercard Shows How Existing Commercial Bank Rails Could Drive CBDC Adoption
Proposed UK regulatory regime for systemic payment systems using stablecoins
Proposed UK regulatory regime for systemic payment systems using stablecoins
The Bank of England (BoE) published a discussion paper that sets out its proposed regulatory framework for systemic payment systems using sterling-denominated stablecoins and related service providers. It was published alongside a discussion paper from the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) on their regulatory approach to stablecoin issuers and custodians, a letter from the Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) to bank Chief Executive Officers on innovations in the use by banks of deposits, e-money and stablecoins, and a roadmap paper, which sets out how the various regimes interact together. Notably, the BoE discussion paper favors stablecoins fully backed by unremunerated central bank deposits as the most appropriate for systemic payment systems using stablecoins.
·bankofengland.co.uk·
Proposed UK regulatory regime for systemic payment systems using stablecoins
IMF update on its Peru CBDC technical assistance
IMF update on its Peru CBDC technical assistance
The IMF has been providing central bank digital currency (CBDC) technical assistance (TA) to the Banco Central de Reserva del Perú (BCRP) since 2021. The initial TA mission supported the central bank during the first phase of the project, which involved clarifying the context, key questions, and potential approaches to study a CBDC. The second phase started with the publication of a paper by the central bank. The white paper outlined the context, goals and challenges related to a potential CBDC in Peru. Consistent with recommendations from the first mission, the BCRP recognized the need to focus on an initial engagement with stakeholders, including representatives of the banking sector, payment service providers, and the fintech and technology sector.
·imf.org·
IMF update on its Peru CBDC technical assistance
ECB pushes back on commitment to immediate availability of offline digital euro
ECB pushes back on commitment to immediate availability of offline digital euro
The regulation proposed by the European Parliament and Council requires both online and offline digital euro payment transactions to be available on the first issuance of the digital euro. However, the European Central Bank (ECB) says that "further testing by the Eurosystem will be necessary to guarantee that all relevant digital euro models offer sufficient security and maturity… Enshrining the ECB's intent in a legally binding provision will constrain its capacity to react to the higher level of uncertainty that the offline digital euro model involves, as well as to react to exceptional circumstances necessitating an imminent issuance of any available model. If trade-offs that have not yet been identified arise, postponing the overall issuance of the digital euro would be the only option available to the ECB… For these reasons, the ECB invites the co-legislators to consider the imposition of a requirement upon the ECB to deliver both online and offline versions of the digital euro, coupled with a 'best efforts' provision under which the ECB would make available both online and offline models as of the first issuance of the digital euro."
·ecb.europa.eu·
ECB pushes back on commitment to immediate availability of offline digital euro
DEA statement on the digital euro project
DEA statement on the digital euro project
"The ECB mentions that a digital euro would address a market gap by providing a means of payment that is widely accepted, free for basic use, inclusive, secure, can operate offline and offers the highest possible protection of privacy. These features, however, are not sufficient to drive large-scale adoption - in particular, with a digital euro that has a relatively low account limit."
·blog.digital-euro-association.de·
DEA statement on the digital euro project
Who Needs an e-Yuan?
Who Needs an e-Yuan?
Christian Pfister and Nicolas de Sèze provide an historical overview of the People's Bank of China's (PBOC) e-Yuan project, putting it in political perspective, then present its main features. They recall the strategic objectives put forward by the PBOC, discuss them and ask whether other objectives may not matter more. They conclude that, although its role in increasing social welfare would be unclear, especially in view of the already high-level in the quality and quantity of payment services in China, the roll-out of a digital yuan could be useful for the Chinese government, especially in pursuing objectives which are not officially put forward.
·suerf.org·
Who Needs an e-Yuan?
The battle for control over the digital euro wallet
The battle for control over the digital euro wallet
Deutsche Bank staffers Manual Klein and Dr. Alexander Bechtel argue for greater control over the digital euro user interface by banks and payment providers rather than the European Central Bank (ECB). The draft digital euro laws require that the “app developed and provided by the ECB should serve as the dominant front end”. It says the private sector can provide alternatives, but it requires the ECB option always be offered to end users. Also, the ECB plans to provide a clearly defined range of functions for front ends, which will limit the ability of payment service providers and banks to develop their own solutions, and inhibit innovation going forward. https://www.faz.net/pro/d-economy/transformation/digitaler-euro-das-ezb-projekt-ist-mehr-als-nur-geld-19264685.html
·ledgerinsights.com·
The battle for control over the digital euro wallet
Zimbabwe makes foray into gold-backed CBDC
Zimbabwe makes foray into gold-backed CBDC
"The RBZ says that these tokens can be used for payments, with tokens available for purchase via banks, which will create dedicated e-gold wallets and cards to facilitate person-to-person or person-to-business payments, both online and offline. This is, in effect, a gold-backed central bank digital currency. The economics of gold as a defence against inflation are somewhat heterodox but not absurd. Introducing a CBDC is a complex business, however. Questions around implementation abound. Not only will the central bank have to retain the currency reserves to ensure that it can redeem the coins and tokens, it will also have to maintain the gold reserves backing the tokens."
·omfif.org·
Zimbabwe makes foray into gold-backed CBDC
Ripple to power Georgia’s central bank digital currency, the digital lari
Ripple to power Georgia’s central bank digital currency, the digital lari
The National Bank of Georgia (NBG) has selected Ripple Labs as its technology partner for developing a digital lari (GEL) central bank digital currency (CBDC). The proof-of-concept work will experiment with Ripple’s CBDC technology and evaluate the practical use cases to gauge potential benefits for the public sector, businesses and retail users. The NBG made the decision following a competition process, which consisted of two phases: submission of a Project Execution Plan (PEP) by nine shortlisted candidates in the first phase, and demonstration of their technology solutions in the second. https://nbg.gov.ge/en/media/news/ripple-the-flagship-international-company-becomes-the-technology-partner-for-the-digital
·cointelegraph.com·
Ripple to power Georgia’s central bank digital currency, the digital lari
Indian banks offer incentives to lift digital currency transactions
Indian banks offer incentives to lift digital currency transactions
Indian banks are reportedly offering incentives for conducting transactions using the e-rupee retail CBDC nudged by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to boost underwhelming transaction volumes. The incentives range from cash-backs to reward points, similar to those offered by the banks on credit and debit cards, they said. The RBI started e-rupee pilot program in December 2022 and is targeting a million transactions daily by end-2023. But retail transactions are still tracking below the target, averaging around 25,000 a day.
·reuters.com·
Indian banks offer incentives to lift digital currency transactions
SNB launches wholesale CBDC bond settlement pilot project
SNB launches wholesale CBDC bond settlement pilot project
The Swiss National Bank (SNB) and six commercial banks will launch a wholesale central bank digital currency (CBDC) pilot project on December 1, 2023. Project Helvetia Phase III will test the settlement of tokenized bonds against SNB-issued wholesale CBDC on a delivery-versus-payment (DVP) basis on a distributed ledger technology (DLT) based platform run by the SIX Digital Exchange (SDX). The pilot, which will run until June 2024, will use the SNB's Swiss Interbank Clearing (SIC) payment infrastructure for the tokenization of central bank money and that of the SIX SIS central securities depository (CSD) for integration with the traditional bond settlement infrastructure. This follows up on the Phase I and II proof-of-concept (POC) work conducted with the BIS Innovation Hub between 2020 and 2022.
·snb.ch·
SNB launches wholesale CBDC bond settlement pilot project
10 reasons to fight cashless contagion
10 reasons to fight cashless contagion
"Cash can co-exist with cards and apps, and when kept in balance, the different forms of payment can complement each other. It’s only when that balance is removed that the dark side of digital payments gets to flourish. Unfortunately, across the world we’re seeing the spread of so-called ‘cashlessness’, a type of contagion in which the option to pay with non-corporate and non-automated money is incrementally taken away from you. The fight against cashless society, then, is a fight against a state of unbalance. I’ve campaigned on this for eight years now, and in this piece I’ll lay out 10 talking points that you can use to make even the most ardent card-tapper have second thoughts about a totally bank-dominated society."
·brettscott.substack.com·
10 reasons to fight cashless contagion
Korea Exchange, Bank of Korea to trial DLT, CBDC for carbon trading
Korea Exchange, Bank of Korea to trial DLT, CBDC for carbon trading
The Bank of Korea and Korea Exchange signed an agreement to collaborate in exploring distributed ledger technology (DLT) and central bank digital currency (CBDC) for carbon trading. Simulated trials will take place in the third and fourth quarters of 2024. Both organizations already have related programs. The Korea Exchange is currently conducting simulated DLT experiments and plans to support listed security tokens next year. The central bank said this trial would form part of its CBDC usability tests. However, both the exchange and central bank emphasized this is just a test. It will not impact the functioning of current carbon credit markets. http://www.bok.or.kr/portal/bbs/P0000559/view.do?menuNo=200690&nttId=10080261&pageIndex=1
·ledgerinsights.com·
Korea Exchange, Bank of Korea to trial DLT, CBDC for carbon trading
Update on plans for the regulation of fiat-backed stablecoins
Update on plans for the regulation of fiat-backed stablecoins
The U.K. HM Treasury published an update on its legislative approach for bringing fiat-backed stablecoins into the U.K. regulatory perimeter for financial services. It will inform development of the Financial Conduct Authority and Bank of England’s approaches for regulating stablecoin issuers and custodians, and systemic digital settlement asset payments systems and service providers respectively.
·gov.uk·
Update on plans for the regulation of fiat-backed stablecoins