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Cash-back Fees
Cash-back Fees
The U.S. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) published a report on consumers’ use of "cash back" services. While people use various means of getting cash, one common method is to get “cash back” at a store when making a purchase with a debit or prepaid card. This option may be particularly important in banking deserts and in areas where banks and ATM operators charge significant fees. Retailers are essentially filling a void in access to cash, which has historically been supplied by banks and credit unions in an affordable way, and some retailers charge a fee for these transactions.
·consumerfinance.gov·
Cash-back Fees
Runs, Transparency and Regulation: On The Optimal Design of Stablecoin Frameworks
Runs, Transparency and Regulation: On The Optimal Design of Stablecoin Frameworks
The European Banking Authority (EBA) published a paper that shows how transparency incentivizes stablecoin issuers to keep a larger share of the reserves in liquid assets, thus reducing the risk of runs and potential bankruptcy ex–ante. In addition, transparency on reserves disincentivizes stablecoin holders from irrationally demanding reimbursement of their funds. The paper’s results also suggest that regulatory interventions after a run has become imminent, in the form of a suspension, can still reduce the negative impact of potential bankruptcy on holders, and that letting assets mature after imposing the suspension can deliver the first–best social welfare outcome. Overall, the paper builds the case for close monitoring by supervisory authorities, overcollateralization, and tight disclosure rules.
·eba.europa.eu·
Runs, Transparency and Regulation: On The Optimal Design of Stablecoin Frameworks
State of Stablecoins: Sector Expansion & A Changing Interest-Rate Environment
State of Stablecoins: Sector Expansion & A Changing Interest-Rate Environment
Coinmetrics published an update on stablecoin markets. It finds that stablecoin flows have turned positive, pushing total supply above $160 billion towards record-highs. The stablecoin landscape continues to expand in diversity, use cases, and risk profiles, from fiat-collateralized and crypto-backed to interest-bearing and protocol-native stablecoins. With stablecoin collateral increasingly composed of U.S dollar equivalents and real-world assets, changes in the interest rate environment could impact profitability and attractiveness of various stablecoins.
·coinmetrics.substack.com·
State of Stablecoins: Sector Expansion & A Changing Interest-Rate Environment
Russia Close to Starting Trials of Crypto Payments, Exchanges
Russia Close to Starting Trials of Crypto Payments, Exchanges
On September 1, 2024, Russia will reportedly soon start trials of cryptocurrency exchanges and the use of digital tokens for cross-border transactions to help firms circumvent international sanctions. It will use Russia's National Payment Card System (NPCS) to swap between rubles and cryptocurrencies. The NPCS already features infrastructure for functions like interbank settlement and clearing, and it is overseen by the central bank. According to Ledger Insights, stablecoins pegged to Chinese yuan and a BRICS currency basket will feature in the trials. https://www.ledgerinsights.com/russia-plans-stablecoins-2-crypto-exchanges-to-circumvent-sanctions/
·bloomberg.com·
Russia Close to Starting Trials of Crypto Payments, Exchanges
RBI Says CBDC Has 5M Users, Can be Phased in Gradually
RBI Says CBDC Has 5M Users, Can be Phased in Gradually
Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Governor Shaktikanta Das says that the retail central bank digital currency (CBDC) pilot has over 5 million users and 16 banks participating. Programmability functionalities are also being tested, and new use cases aimed at testing features such as anonymity and offline availability are proposed to be rolled out gradually. He also said that there should not be in any rush to roll out a system-wide CBDC until a comprehensive understanding of its impact on users, on monetary policy, on the financial system and on the economy. Such understanding would emerge from generation of user data in pilots. https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_SpeechesView.aspx?Id=1456
·coindesk.com·
RBI Says CBDC Has 5M Users, Can be Phased in Gradually
Abu Dhabi Proposes Fiat Stablecoin Regulatory Framework
Abu Dhabi Proposes Fiat Stablecoin Regulatory Framework
The Financial Services Regulatory Authority (FSRA) of Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM) has published Consultation Paper No. 7 of 2024 containing proposals to enhance its regulatory framework to allow the issuance of Fiat-Referenced Tokens (FRTs). It adopts adopt a risk-based and proportionate approach based on appropriate regulatory requirements that incorporate the necessary safeguards to ensure that FRT issuers operate in a safe and sound manner and informed by current practices in leading jurisdictions. The latter include the New York Department of Finance, the European Union's Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation, the Monetary Authority of Singapore, HM Treasury and the Financial Conduct Authority in the United Kingdom, and the Hong Kong Monetary Authority. https://adgmen.thomsonreuters.com/rulebook/consultation-paper-no-7-2024-proposed-regulatory-framework-issuance-fiat-referenced-tokens
·fintechnews.ae·
Abu Dhabi Proposes Fiat Stablecoin Regulatory Framework
Wyoming is trying to beat the Fed to a digital dollar
Wyoming is trying to beat the Fed to a digital dollar
Wyoming will launch a stablecoin in the first quarter of 2025, backed by short-term U.S. Treasury securities, to give individuals and businesses a faster and cheaper way to transact while creating a new revenue stream for the U.S. state. The state plans to issue the token to an exchange so the exchange can issue it to the retail user. There will be a "buffer" in the reserves to account for any potential deviations and full transparency to establish and maintain public trust. Wyoming plans to use several different public blockchains, although it hasn't specified which ones. https://stabletoken.notion.site/Wyoming-Stable-Token-Commission-a24290df29cd4eaa897c6d628b007930
·cnbc.com·
Wyoming is trying to beat the Fed to a digital dollar
Central bank digital currency in small open economies
Central bank digital currency in small open economies
The Latin American Journal of Central Banking published a paper that uses a theoretical model to examine how the introduction of central bank digital currency (CBDC) impacts small open economies. The main results are: (i) CBDC always increases the welfare of financially unconstrained households; however, it increases the welfare of constrained households when the cost of carrying cash is high enough and when the government purchase level is sufficiently low; (ii) CBDC increases the fiscal income by bringing more agents out of the informal economy, improving fiscal sustainability; (iii) CBDC improves the terms of trade as it strengthens the domestic currency.
·sciencedirect.com·
Central bank digital currency in small open economies
Kyrgyz Republic central bank launches digital som ideathon (NBKR)
Kyrgyz Republic central bank launches digital som ideathon (NBKR)

The National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic (NBKR) launched an ideation aimed at improving the prototype of its digital som central bank digital currency (CBDC). The goal is to ensure technological improvement of existing payment solutions and innovations, and at the testing stage to take into account the interests of citizens, business, government and the financial sector. Key areas of interest include system integration, security, user experience, and international interoperability.

·nbkr.kg·
Kyrgyz Republic central bank launches digital som ideathon (NBKR)
Tether to Develop UAE Dirham-Pegged Stablecoin
Tether to Develop UAE Dirham-Pegged Stablecoin
Tether plans to launch a stablecoin pegged to the United Arab Emirates dirham (AED) fully backed by liquid UAE-based reserves. It will launch in collaboration with UAE-based Phoenix Group and Green Acorn Investments. It will join Tether’s slate of stablecoin products that include USDT, EURT, CNHT, MXNT, XAUT and aUSDT.
·tether.io·
Tether to Develop UAE Dirham-Pegged Stablecoin
Palau Stablecoin Project Enters Next Phase
Palau Stablecoin Project Enters Next Phase
The Republic of Palau’s Ministry of Finance reported the successful completion of Phase 2a of its National Government Payment Service Project. Phase 2a involved integrating a Ripple-based stablecoin system into Palau’s financial infrastructure. Phase 2b aims to continue the development of the ecosystem, with a specific focus on integrating more comprehensive financial, legal, and business frameworks. This phase will also address the scalability of the payment system and ensure its robustness against potential security threats. https://www.palaugov.pw/wp-content/uploads/Palau-National-Payment-System-Phase-2a-Final-Report.pdf
·cryptorank.io·
Palau Stablecoin Project Enters Next Phase
Case study: Remittances from Europe to India with cross-border CBDC
Case study: Remittances from Europe to India with cross-border CBDC
G+D’s Lars Hupel published a summary of a Giesecke+Devrient (G+D) and UDPN Alliance cross-border payments proof of concept (POC). It involved connecting the Universal Digital Payments Network (UDPN) multilateral global messaging network and G+D’s Filia® retail central bank digital currency (CBDC) platform. The UDPN network comprises a distributed ledger technology (DLT) based application layer where smart contracts can be deployed and called for core UDPN functions (e.g., transfer, swap). The POC implemented payments from hypothetical EUR (running on Filia®) to Indian Rupee (INR) (running on UDPN). This included transfers between end-user wallets, currency conversion, liquidity management, CBDC issuance, identity, and wallet management.
·linkedin.com·
Case study: Remittances from Europe to India with cross-border CBDC
Cambodia launches Bakong tourist DLT payment app
Cambodia launches Bakong tourist DLT payment app
The National Bank of Cambodia (NBC) introduced the Bakong Tourists app. By downloading the app and registering with an email, tourists can top up their accounts and use the KHQR code to pay for goods and services, reducing the need for cash and ensuring a seamless experience during their stay. https://www.nbc.gov.kh/english/news_and_events/press_releases_info.php?id=208
·ledgerinsights.com·
Cambodia launches Bakong tourist DLT payment app
Apple expanding iPhone NFC access to third-party apps
Apple expanding iPhone NFC access to third-party apps
Starting with iOS 18.1, iOS developers will be able to offer near-field communication (NFC) contactless transactions using the secure element (SE) from within their own apps on iPhones, separate from Apple Pay and Apple Wallet. Using the new NFC and SE, application programming interfaces (APIs), developers will be able to offer in-app contactless transactions for in-store payments, car keys, closed-loop transit, corporate badges, student IDs, home keys, hotel keys, merchant loyalty and rewards cards, and event tickets, with government IDs to be supported in the future. The only catch is that developers will need to enter into a commercial agreement with Apple, request the NFC and SE entitlement, and pay the associated fees. This follows a commitment made by Apple to the European Commission in July 2024 to grant European iOS developers similar NFC and SE access to address antitrust charges. Even the new commitment is not fully global in scope. The NFC and SE APIs will only be available to developers in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States, although additional locations are said to follow.
·apple.com·
Apple expanding iPhone NFC access to third-party apps
Sole Jamaican CBDC wallet provider questions JAM-DEX progress
Sole Jamaican CBDC wallet provider questions JAM-DEX progress
According to National Commercial Bank (NCB) Jamaica, the sole commercial bank providing wallets for JAM-DEX, the use of the central bank digital currency (CBDC) has been low. NCB CEO Jamaica Bruce Bowen said this may be linked to the few usage options for the CBDC, along with the process. Merchant adoption has been slow, despite the Bank of Jamaica committing funds earlier in 2024 for a technology provider to upgrade 10,000 of the more modern point of sale (POS) machines to support JAM-DEX. Also, Bowen noted that usage of NCB's Lynk digital wallet has been strong, few users are converting their bank deposit balances to JAM-DEX. https://radiojamaicanewsonline.com/business/ncb-says-use-of-jam-dex-low
·ledgerinsights.com·
Sole Jamaican CBDC wallet provider questions JAM-DEX progress
Assumptions to Avoid when Designing Retail CBDC Systems
Assumptions to Avoid when Designing Retail CBDC Systems
Crunchfish published a paper that argues that virtual secure elements (SEs) provide better security to retail CBDC offline platforms than hardware-based SEs. It says that hardware-based SEs are less secure due to the separation from payment app that breaks the chain of trust between the two communicating endpoints. This can result in potential attacks by replacing either endpoint with malicious ones or tampering with them and modifying their behavior during runtime. As the hardware-based SE does not have full visibility of the payment app and the mobile operating system (OS), it cannot determine the identity of the app or whether the app has been tampered with, and must “blindly” trust the OS and the app. A trusted client application for offline payments implemented in an app-integrated virtual secure element, on the other hand, has no trust gap issues and runs securely even on rooted/jailbroken mobile devices.
·crunchfish.com·
Assumptions to Avoid when Designing Retail CBDC Systems
CBDC can gain further adoption with eSIM (G+D)
CBDC can gain further adoption with eSIM (G+D)

G+D's Lars Hupel writes that eSIMs replace traditional, removable SIM cards with an embedded SIM chip directly on the device. SIM cards no longer need to be physically replaced for an update. Instead, a new eSIM can be simply downloaded. Starting with the iPhone 14 in 2022, Apple has stopped shipping physical SIM trays in the US. New models use eSIM only. By 2030, the eSIM adoption rate will reach 80% in Latin America, Southeast Asia and the Eurozone, while Middle East and North Africa is expected to reach 70%. Secure central bank digital currency (CBDC) wallets could be run easily on eSIMs. https://www.gi-de.com/en/spotlight/digital-security/time-to-adopt-the-esim

·linkedin.com·
CBDC can gain further adoption with eSIM (G+D)
Central Banks, Secure Elements And Digital Currency
Central Banks, Secure Elements And Digital Currency
David Birch writes that an offline central bank digital currency (CBDC) is essential for a cash alternative, especially in areas with poor internet connectivity or during emergencies. The article proposes a shift in terminology from online/offline to local/remote and hub/edge transactions. It argues that all transactions should be device-to-device (edge) transactions, regardless of whether the devices are nearby or distant. This would create a more scalable and resilient system, similar to cash. While security concerns exist for a device-to-device system, the article suggests potential solutions like transaction limits, auditing, and field-upgradable security algorithms.
·dgwbirch.substack.com·
Central Banks, Secure Elements And Digital Currency
Stablecoins and the New Payments Landscape
Stablecoins and the New Payments Landscape

Stablecoins and the New Payments Landscape Coinbase believes stablecoins represent the next major leap forward for payments and capital movement, particularly as it’s becoming easier for merchants and other entities to integrate this technology into their economic workflow – even compared to a couple years ago. Most recently, Coinbase announced a partnership with payments provider Stripe to offer USDC on Base for crypto payouts and on their fiat-to-crypto onramp, while Visa, Mastercard and PayPal have all launched their own stablecoin initiatives in recent years. Other notable mentions include Shift4, Nuvei, Worldpay and Checkout.com. That said, stablecoins require greater regulatory clarity and a smoother crypto user experience to more firmly establish the foundations for their potential.

Stablecoins and the New Payments Landscape
·coinbase.com·
Stablecoins and the New Payments Landscape
Stablecoins' Multiple Investment Risks
Stablecoins' Multiple Investment Risks
Moody's published a paper on the multiple risks of fiat-backed/pegged stablecoins. "As the number of stablecoins grows, they are more frequently being used in traditional finance, where they have the potential to lower transaction fees and make cross-border payments more efficient. Moreover, stablecoins are increasingly used to buy and sell securities, filling the void caused by the current absence of wholesale central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) compatible with distributed ledger technology (DLT). However, stablecoins are subject to multiple risks and have therefore not always lived up to their promised stability."
·moodys.com·
Stablecoins' Multiple Investment Risks
Kyrgyzstan central bank posts CBDC-related legislative amendments
Kyrgyzstan central bank posts CBDC-related legislative amendments
The National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic (NBKR) published a draft of proposed amendments to the country's central banking legislation to firm up the legal status of a digital som central bank digital currency (CBDC). These amendments affect eight key legislative acts, including the Civil Code, Budget Code, Code of Offenses, Tax Code, Law on Consumer Protection, Law on Payment Systems, and Law on Banks and Banking Activity. Public feedback, comments and suggestions must be submitted by September 7, 2024. https://www.nbkr.kg/newsout.jsp?item=31&lang=ENG&material=120922
·linkedin.com·
Kyrgyzstan central bank posts CBDC-related legislative amendments
Google, Amazon, Walmart seek to join e-rupee pilot
Google, Amazon, Walmart seek to join e-rupee pilot
GooglePay, Walmart-backed PhonePe and AmazonPay, plus Indian fintech firms Cred and Mobikwikare, are reportedly seeking to join the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) e-rupee central bank digital currency (CBDC). Initially, the RBI had permitted only banks to offer e-rupee via their mobile applications, but in April 2024 it said payment firms could also offer e-rupee transactions via their platform once approved by the RBI.
·reuters.com·
Google, Amazon, Walmart seek to join e-rupee pilot
Cambodia’s Bakong digital currency helps address dollarization
Cambodia’s Bakong digital currency helps address dollarization
A key aim of the National Bank of Cambodia's Bakong digital currency payment system, launched in 2020, was to encourage a higher proportion of transactions in the local riel rather than dollars. Cambodia is a heavily dollarized country with roughly 80% of transactions taking place in US dollars. However, during the first half of 2024 the riel was used in 43% of Bakong transactions, versus 34.2% in 2023. One of the key tactics to encourage use of the local currency is to only support cross-border payments using riel. According to Leger Insights, while often described incorrectly as a central bank digital currency (CBDC), "Bakong is closer to a tokenized deposit initiative with the Bakong currency backed by balances at commercial banks".
·ledgerinsights.com·
Cambodia’s Bakong digital currency helps address dollarization
BOJ presentation on the future of wholesale payments
BOJ presentation on the future of wholesale payments
The Bank of Japan (BOJ) published an executive summary of a presentation and panel session on the "future of wholesale payments at the FIN/SUM 2024 on March 6, 2024. Three consecutive sessions the course of developments in this area, the emergence of new forms of money, and challenges of the current practice. Of these sessions, the panel discussions brought together business leaders, industry experts, and academics to illustrate the future landscape of the wholesale payments ecosystem.
Bank of Japan Presentation and Panel Session at the FIN/SUM 2024 Executive Summary of "Future of Wholesale Payments"
·boj.or.jp·
BOJ presentation on the future of wholesale payments
Indonesia preps second stage of wholesale CBDC trials
Indonesia preps second stage of wholesale CBDC trials
Bank Indonesia (BI) published its Indonesian Payment System Blueprint (BSPI) 2030, in which it provides an update on its digital rupiah central bank digital currency (CBDC) work. The central bank completed the first of three proof of concept phases CBDC work during the first half of 2024, the basic issuance and redemption of a distributed ledger technology (DLT) based wholesale CBDC . The BI is now readying to start the second phase in which it plans to explore the integration of a wCBDC with a digital securities ledger to test issuing, transferring and redeeming digital securities, conduct central bank operations, and extending the functionality of digital securities, including programmability, composability and tokenization. https://www.bi.go.id/id/publikasi/kajian/Pages/Blueprint-Sistem-Pembayaran-Indonesia-2030.aspx
·ledgerinsights.com·
Indonesia preps second stage of wholesale CBDC trials
Central Bank of Azerbaijan holds back on CBDC
Central Bank of Azerbaijan holds back on CBDC
The Central Bank of Azerbaijan (CBA) reportedly has no plans to issue a digital currency (CBDC), as it currently sees no prospects for its successful implementation. Governor Taleh Kazimov cited "challenges related to operations and financial sector stability".
·en.trend.az·
Central Bank of Azerbaijan holds back on CBDC
eSIM Management to Digitize Processes
eSIM Management to Digitize Processes
The eSIM ecosystem offers an equivalent level of security and protection to that provided by the removable SIM card. The protocols are based on state-of-the-art cryptographic mechanisms and secure the privacy of the end user. A public key infrastructure (PKI) governed by the Global System for Mobile Communications Association (GSMA) provides a secure authentication of the entities of the ecosystem. Manufacturers or providers of eSIM solutions have to undergo GSMA certification in order to be admitted into the ecosystem.
·gi-de.com·
eSIM Management to Digitize Processes
Offline digital euro: ECB seeks input from experts
Offline digital euro: ECB seeks input from experts
The European Central Bank (ECB) is inviting experts in offline payments to participate in conversations to explore options for an offline digital euro as part of its retail central bank digital currency (CBDC) work. It wants to understand the marketplace for using embedded secure elements (eSEs) and embedded SIMs (eSIMs) in user devices. Secure elements are standard-compliant chips that ensure safe data storage embedded in most smartphones and many wearables, typically for payments. eSIMs facilitate user network switches via software updates, instead of swapping physical SIM cards. Both could play roles in offline payment functionality. The experts are to be drawn from original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), mobile network operators (MNOs) and specialized trusted service managers, but none that are participating in any of the ECB public tenders on digital euro components. https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/intro/news/html/ecb.mipnews240801.en.html
·ledgerinsights.com·
Offline digital euro: ECB seeks input from experts
Cash Bill Pay in the US. What is it?
Cash Bill Pay in the US. What is it?
Cash Bill Pay is a way to pay bills (like utilities, toll charges, etc.) in cash at a local retailer. With Walk-Up, a customer goes to a retailer's customer service desk with their biller's name and their account number. This info is entered into some software, the customer hands over cash to pay the bill, and gets a receipt as proof of payment. CheckFreePay, Western Union, and MoneyGram are some of the Walk-Up Cash Bill Pay providers. With Barcode, a customer presents a barcode either on a document or on a mobile phone to a retailer's cashier who scans it with a POS device. This barcode provides the needed information for the transaction. The customer hands over cash to pay the bill and gets a receipt as proof of payment. VanillaDirect, PayNearMe, KUBRA EZ-PAY are some of the Barcode Cash Bill Pay providers. The importance of Cash Bill Pay is that it provides a bridge for cash-preferred customers to make digital payments. It allows them to use cash and have face to face transactions. The usual fee charged the customer per transaction in the US is between $1 and $4. The rise of Cash Bill Providers also points to the growing trend of businesses not to accept cash directly but of farming cash payments out to third parties. [Franklin Noll on LinkedIn]
However, the rise of Cash Bill Providers also points to the growing trend of businesses not to accept cash directly but of farming cash payments out to third parties.
·linkedin.com·
Cash Bill Pay in the US. What is it?
Birri Gubba Nation to launch a sovereign digital currency
Birri Gubba Nation to launch a sovereign digital currency
The Birri Gubba Nation, an Australian indigenous sovereign nation, has signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with Sovereign Wallet, to establish a comprehensive national digital identity system to serve as account addresses for sovereign digital currency. Sovereign Wallet is a blockchain technology company that developed the MetaMUI CBDC Cloud Service for creating digital currencies, which the Yidinji Nation, another Australian indigenous nation, used to launch its Yidindji Dollar (SYD) in 2022. The Birri Gubba Nation national identity and digital currency systems are set to go live in September 2024. If it is structured like the Yidindji Dollar, it will be pegged to the Australian dollar (AUD), although the mechanism hasn’t been revealed.
·coindesk.com·
Birri Gubba Nation to launch a sovereign digital currency