DFC

5260 bookmarks
Newest
Eswatini digital lilangeni design paper
Eswatini digital lilangeni design paper
The Central Bank of Eswatini (CBE) published a paper co-written with Giesecke+Devrient (G+D) on the design characteristics of a potential domestic retail central bank digital currency (CBDC). It also reported on proof of concept (POC) tests of online and offline payment use cases involving selected CBE staff members. A digital lilangeni would be fully interoperability with the existing payment methods and wholesale and retail infrastructures, and be available 24/7/365 in (near) real-time manner. Also it would be unremunerated, as it will be primarily aimed to be a means of payment and not a savings vehicle. Although it would not be run on a distributed ledger technology (DLT) platform, it would be built on a distributed database, operated and permissioned by the CBE.
·centralbank.org.sz·
Eswatini digital lilangeni design paper
Public and Private DLT-Based Money Creation: CBDC, Stablecoins, or Tokenized Deposits?
Public and Private DLT-Based Money Creation: CBDC, Stablecoins, or Tokenized Deposits?
The Bank of Canada (BOC) published a paper that uses a general equilibrium monetary model to explore the impact of introducing "tokenized money" (central bank digital currency (CBDC) or tokenized deposits) on stablecoins. It finds that when tokenized monies pay a high interest rate and guarantee a high degree of anonymity, they crowd out stablecoins. Conversely, with low anonymity and low interest rates, tokenized monies become collateral, promoting stablecoin development. CBDCs dominate tokenized deposits because a central bank can better economize on scarce collateral assets, and banks face incentive problems and do not internalize the societal cost of their activities, generating negative externalities.
·bankofcanada.ca·
Public and Private DLT-Based Money Creation: CBDC, Stablecoins, or Tokenized Deposits?
ECB DLT settlement trials: Helaba’s WIBank issues registered bond on public blockchain
ECB DLT settlement trials: Helaba’s WIBank issues registered bond on public blockchain
Wirtschafts und Infrastrukturbank Hessen (WIBank), the Helaba owned German development bank, issued a registered bond on a public blockchain. It was settled in a delivery versus payment transaction (DvP) using the Bundesbank’s Trigger solution, which initiates settlement on the TARGET2 payment system. The transaction was part of the Eurosystem’s wholesale DLT settlement trials.
Wirtschafts und Infrastrukturbank Hessen (WIBank), the Helaba owned German development bank, issued a registered bond on a public blockchain. It was settled in a delivery versus payment transaction (DvP) using the Bundesbank’s Trigger solution, which initiates settlement on the TARGET2 payment system. The transaction was part of the Eurosystem’s wholesale DLT settlement trials.
·ledgerinsights.com·
ECB DLT settlement trials: Helaba’s WIBank issues registered bond on public blockchain
Stablecoins, money market funds and monetary policy
Stablecoins, money market funds and monetary policy
The European Central Bank (ECB) published a paper that documents the very different short-term (12-week) responses of stablecoins and money market funds (MMFs) to crypto and U.S. monetary policy shocks since 2019. It shows that crypto shocks are inconsequential for MMFs and traditional financial markets but negatively affect stablecoins. In contrast, U.S. monetary policy shocks significantly affect MMFs and stablecoins, but in opposite directions. While prime MMF assets grow after contractionary monetary policy shocks, stablecoin market capitalization significantly declines.
·ecb.europa.eu·
Stablecoins, money market funds and monetary policy
Kyrgyzstan on the Path to Creating a Digital Som
Kyrgyzstan on the Path to Creating a Digital Som
[September 27, 2024] Central Bank Payment News (CBPN) published an article by Aigul Bakesarieva, Head of the Digital Som Project Group, National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic on central bank digital currency (CBDC) developments at her central bank. On May 25, 2022 the Board of the National Bank launched the digital som concept based on a two-tier retail model. The digital som will be a unique digital token that will be stored in a special digital wallet, with transfers . occurring directly from one digital wallet to another.
Aigul Bakesarieva
·cbpn.currencyresearch.com·
Kyrgyzstan on the Path to Creating a Digital Som
Euro wholesale CBDC used to settle ABN AMRO digital commercial paper on DLT
Euro wholesale CBDC used to settle ABN AMRO digital commercial paper on DLT
ABN AMRO and Rabobank issued €1.1 million of one-month digital commercial tokenized on the Deutsche Börse Clearstream D7 distributed ledger technology (DLT) based platform. The Luxembourg transaction was settled atomically using a wholesale central bank digital currency (CBDC) issued by the Banque de France, as part of the Eurosystem’s DLT trials for wholesale settlement using central bank money. This is Clearstream‘s 5th use case at the European Central Bank (ECB) trials on the D7 platform.
one month €1.1 million
·ledgerinsights.com·
Euro wholesale CBDC used to settle ABN AMRO digital commercial paper on DLT
Rwandan Central Bank Studying Ways of Issuing Digital Currency
Rwandan Central Bank Studying Ways of Issuing Digital Currency
[August 22, 2019] The Rwandan central bank is looking into ways it could potentially issue its own digital currency to make the processing of transactions more efficient and to boost economic growth. “There are still concerns about how exactly you convert the entire currency into digital form, how to distribute that and how fast can you process those transactions,” Financial Stability Director-General Peace Masozera Uwase said. “Challenges come in, if technology is down how do you deal with such issues? “We will join in once we are ready.”
·bloomberg.com·
Rwandan Central Bank Studying Ways of Issuing Digital Currency
RBA launches Project Acacia WCBDC assessment
RBA launches Project Acacia WCBDC assessment
[September 18, 2024] The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) announced the launch of Project Acacia to build on the lessons from the previous year's central bank digital currency (CBDC) pilot by focusing on opportunities to uplift the efficiency, transparency and resilience of wholesale markets through tokenized money and new settlement infrastructure. Subsequent phases of the project may involve cross-border applications with regional central banks. In October 2024 the RBA and the Digital Finance Cooperative Research Centre, will publish a consultation paper inviting industry engagement. The project is scheduled for completion in the second half of 2025.
·rba.gov.au·
RBA launches Project Acacia WCBDC assessment
Implications of Central Bank Digital Currency for Monetary Operations
Implications of Central Bank Digital Currency for Monetary Operations
The IMF published a paper that analyzes how the issuance of central bank digital currency (CBDC) could affect monetary operations, which include central banks managing the demand and supply of reserves to achieve a desired stance of monetary policy. The note outlines three scenarios: CBDCs substituting cash, commercial bank deposits, and reserves, with implications varying based on design features and market developments. It discusses how these scenarios influence balance sheets and reserves, potentially drawing short-term interest rates away from the policy target and complicating liquidity forecasting. Furthermore, the note shows how central banks could calibrate monetary operations such as engaging in a fine-tuning operation and provide additional reserves on demand to ensure that central banks can maintain their monetary policy stance. Finally, careful design of CBDCs, such as setting criteria for access, holding quantity, and remuneration, can mitigate adverse effects on monetary operations.
·imf.org·
Implications of Central Bank Digital Currency for Monetary Operations
Digital Payments: A Framework for Inclusive Design
Digital Payments: A Framework for Inclusive Design
The Bank of Canada (BoC) published a paper how digital payments can be made more cognitively accessible, focusing on removing cognitive barriers present in many digital interfaces and products. It proposes an inclusive approach since involving people with cognitive disabilities in design, testing, and refinement is crucial. The proposed framework centers on system learnability and user workload as the two key measures of cognitive accessibility in digital payment and banking interfaces. A prototype interface is developed and tested for voice payments, which successfully demonstrates that the framework provides an effective iterative design approach to enhance cognitive accessibility and usability.
·bankofcanada.ca·
Digital Payments: A Framework for Inclusive Design
BoE wants to ensure tokenized wholesale transactions use central bank money
BoE wants to ensure tokenized wholesale transactions use central bank money
Bank of England (BoE) Executive Director of Financial Market Infrastructure Sasha Mills outlined the need for tokenized wholesale transactions to be settled in central bank money. “If central bank money is unable to interact with new technologies, there could be a risk of high value wholesale settlement activity moving away from central bank money to private settlement assets, weakening financial stability." Options include the use of the BoE's omnibus account facility, extending real-time gross settlement (RTGS) system hours, and wholesale CBDC. https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/speech/2024/october/sasha-mills-keynote-speech-at-the-digital-assets-week
·ledgerinsights.com·
BoE wants to ensure tokenized wholesale transactions use central bank money
Brazil tests DeFi elements, compatibility in Drex CBDC pilot
Brazil tests DeFi elements, compatibility in Drex CBDC pilot
Banco Central do Brasil (BCB) is incorporating decentralized finance (DeFi) principles into ongoing experiments toward developing ecosystems that use "synthetic” central bank digital currency (CBDC) as payment instruments. Digital asset transactions would be settled in "Drex" wholesale CBDC issued by the BCB within the distributed ledger technology (DLT) Drex Platform. The BCB also plans to speed up its Open Finance tokenization efforts and bring decentralized finance (DeFi) into the regulatory perimeter. https://www.bcb.gov.br/conteudo/home-ptbr/TextosApresentacoes/Ap_RCN_Brunnermeier_3_10_24.pdf https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x27Mz_CdwtI
·cointelegraph.com·
Brazil tests DeFi elements, compatibility in Drex CBDC pilot
Payala offline digital currency platform
Payala offline digital currency platform
Payala is cryptographically secure digital payment technology smartcard-based digital payments ecosystem that provides users with a multi-currency digital wallet that is resilient highly resistant to cyberattack and operates when offline for business-to-customer, government-to-populace, and peer-to-peer transactions. The platform has been successfully field-tested and utilized in the Pacific region in an austere, low infrastructure environment. https://patents.google.com/patent/US10885519B1/en?q=(mautinoa)&oq=mautinoa
·payala.com·
Payala offline digital currency platform
Positioning CBDC in the Payments Landscape
Positioning CBDC in the Payments Landscape
The IMF published a paper that proposes a framework for comparing retail central bank digital currency (CBDC) with fast payment systems (FPSs) and e-money systems from a payments perspective. A jurisdiction’s evaluation will be dependent on the distinct features and capacity of its current, and emerging, financial landscape. A landscape review is an important tool for central banks when assessing how policy objectives are being achieved today, and if necessary pre-conditions for new systems are in place, or could be established in future. Authorities’ capacity and capability to not only implement but supervise and regulate any system will be important. Any new system will have non-negligible costs, and different systems will potentially have different implications for the distribution of costs between the public and private sectors. Furthermore, a jurisdiction’s mandate and ability to apply their powers around payments may ultimately determine how well any system can fulfill its objectives. Given the early stage of CBDC development, no singular strategy exists in the context of the questions put forward. While central banks will make choices unique to their circumstances, it remains important for central banks to establish a strategy that allows them at minimum to monitor trends and core benefits of multiple solutions as developments occur to allow them to plan, adapt, and drive developments in their payments landscape.
·imf.org·
Positioning CBDC in the Payments Landscape
Boerse Stuttgart tests tokenized security settlement in ECB wholesale DLT trials
Boerse Stuttgart tests tokenized security settlement in ECB wholesale DLT trials

As part of the European Central Bank's (ECB) explorations, Boerse Stuttgart and six German banks tested the settlement of exchange transactions with blockchain-based securities against central bank money for the first time. The settlement solution was linked to the Deutsche Bundesbank's trigger solution and thus to the traditional euro payment system. The tests showed that the settlement processes can be mapped automatically, step by step and directly between the trading participants – efficiently, securely and without counterparty risk. The settlement time was reduced from two days to just a few minutes. https://group.boerse-stuttgart.com/media/li2dfavi/241001-mr-ecb-blockchain-tests.pdf

·ledgerinsights.com·
Boerse Stuttgart tests tokenized security settlement in ECB wholesale DLT trials
Anchoring UK Retail Digital Money
Anchoring UK Retail Digital Money
arXiv published a paper by Barclays staff that questions the need for a digital pound to preserve the singleness of money. It makes the case that singleness can be achieved by combining (i) on-demand interoperability between issuers and forms of private money, (ii) settlement finality in wholesale central bank money, and (iii) robust prudent regulations and effective supervision by the Bank of England and the UK Government. The paper concludes that the anchoring of private UK retail digital money is already well supported by all three of the above.
·arxiv.org·
Anchoring UK Retail Digital Money
ADB looking to implement digital currency platform
ADB looking to implement digital currency platform
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is looking is looking for a service partner to implement a digital currency platform with both online and offline capabilities. This platform will support financial inclusion in remote areas with limited internet access and offer an alternative payment method for various users. The project will focus on deploying a modular, "token-based" architecture with programmable infrastructure to facilitate peer-to-peer transactions, strengthen financial resilience, and promote innovation across sectors. The outcome of this project will be an ADB-owned digital asset that can be utilized across its member countries.
·adb.org·
ADB looking to implement digital currency platform
A digital euro for the people
A digital euro for the people
"A June 2024 paper on the digital euro from the Veblen Institute and Positive Money criticizes the current direction of the digital euro, saying it falls short of its potential. The paper, “a digital euro for the people”, argues that the European Central Bank (ECB) has “heeded to the bank lobby” and baked their interests into the design of the digital euro. Neither organization is a fan of commercial banks, so they are unhappy about the potential dependence on them as digital euro intermediaries. They would prefer to see a bigger role for the public sector and non profits, highlighting that the current wording does not rule this out." [https://www.ledgerinsights.com/digital-euro-eurozone-central-banks-have-option-of-distributing-cbdc-directly/]
·positivemoney.org·
A digital euro for the people
Consumer demand for CBDC as a means of payment
Consumer demand for CBDC as a means of payment
The European Central Bank (ECB) published an article analyzes payment survey data to arrive at a framework for understanding the role of adoption frictions and design strategies in shaping central bank digital currency (CBDC) demand. The survey spanned 17 euro area countries with over 40,000 respondents. It included a payment diary, together with a questionnaire asking respondents to rank different payment instruments according to their most important attributes. The analytic results show that, while consumers may initially prefer to use more traditional payment methods, a design tailored to their specific needs could significantly increase CBDC uptake. Raising awareness and capitalising on network effects could also boost demand for CBDC.
·ecb.europa.eu·
Consumer demand for CBDC as a means of payment
Retail CBDC Motivations, Opportunities, and Mistakes
Retail CBDC Motivations, Opportunities, and Mistakes
The debate about how retail CBDC would be designed and implemented has led to many proposals, which have sparked considerable debate about business models, regulatory frameworks, and the socio-technical role of money in general. This paper presents a critical analysis of the existing proposals. It examines their motivations and themes, as well as their underlying assumptions. The paper also offer a reflection of the opportunity that retail CBDC represents and suggest a way forward in furtherance of the public interest.
·arxiv.org·
Retail CBDC Motivations, Opportunities, and Mistakes
Eurosystem’s exploratory work on DLT platforms progressing
Eurosystem’s exploratory work on DLT platforms progressing
The Eurosystem’s work to explore how wholesale financial transactions recorded on distributed ledger technology (DLT) platforms could be settled in central bank money is progressing well. A total value of €532 million has been successfully settled in more than 50 transactions involving 15 different financial firms and central banks since May 2024. In total, 60 financial firms from nine euro area countries and the European Central Bank (ECB) and three national central banks are participating. The trials – transactions including actual settlement in central bank money – have covered nine use cases, with a particular focus on the primary distribution of bonds to investors on a delivery-versus-payment (DVP) basis. Trials and experiments will continue until the end of November 2024.
·ecb.europa.eu·
Eurosystem’s exploratory work on DLT platforms progressing
HKMA commences Phase 2 of e-HKD Pilot Programme
HKMA commences Phase 2 of e-HKD Pilot Programme
[September 24, 2024] The Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) has commenced Phase 2 of its e-HKD exploration programme to delve deeper into innovative use cases and commercial feasibility for new forms of digital money, including e-HKD and tokenized deposits, that can potentially be used by individuals and corporates, within a real-world setting. 11 groups of firms from various sectors will test the settlement of tokenized assets, programmability and offline payments.
·hkma.gov.hk·
HKMA commences Phase 2 of e-HKD Pilot Programme
Malaysian scaled down its retail CBDC project
Malaysian scaled down its retail CBDC project
In a June 11, 2024 speech, Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) Deputy Governor Jessica Chew announced the scaling down of its retail CBDC project. “Given the highly efficient domestic retail payment systems operating today,” the central bank is prioritizing enhancing the cross-border interoperability of fast payment systems, plus wholesale CBDC work.
·bnm.gov.my·
Malaysian scaled down its retail CBDC project
CBDC Adoption: Inclusive Strategies for Intermediaries and Users
CBDC Adoption: Inclusive Strategies for Intermediaries and Users

The IMF published a paper that argues that successful CBDC adoption hinges not only on technical readiness and operational robustness, but also on strategic policy and design choices that target end-user and intermediary involvement from the outset. Central banks cannot take it for granted that CBDC, once launched, will be adopted and scaled up easily. The paper proposes a “REDI" framework that central banks can use to prepare for CBDC adoption comprised of (i) regulatory strategies, (ii) education and communication initiatives, (iii) design and deployment choices, and (iv) incentive mechanisms. The paper also makes several concrete recommendations including: -Early engagement with end-users focusing on identifying their needs and pain points, as well as social and cultural factors that influence their financial behavior. -Monetary and non-monetary incentives to encourage intermediary participation, including exclusivity agreements, subsidies for setup costs, and allowing for CBDC data monetization or charging for value-added services. -End-user incentives including sign-up bonuses, airdrops or lotteries upon onboarding, and once onboarded, usage incentives, such as cash-back offers and discounts on CBDC transactions. Incentives targeted specifically to merchants could include subsidies for setup costs, reduced transaction fees, tax exemptions, or volume-based rewards. -Implementing selected use cases (such as P2P, G2P or B2P payments) may help generate initial momentum (see also SODA's "test and deploy" implementation framework).

·imf.org·
CBDC Adoption: Inclusive Strategies for Intermediaries and Users
Bank of Canada confirms downshifting its retail CBDC project
Bank of Canada confirms downshifting its retail CBDC project
The Bank of Canada has now confirmed on its website that it is downshifting its retail central bank digital currency (CBDC) project. "The Bank is scaling down its work on a retail central bank digital currency and shifting its focus to broader payments system research and policy development... The body of knowledge built over recent years will be invaluable if, at some point in the future, Canadians, through their elected representatives, decide they want or need a digital Canadian dollar... The Bank will continue to monitor global retail CBDC developments and publish some related research, but the focus will be on preparing for the evolution of payments both in Canada and around the world, through policy research and analysis."
·bankofcanada.ca·
Bank of Canada confirms downshifting its retail CBDC project
Digital tokens to hit Korean supermarkets in December
Digital tokens to hit Korean supermarkets in December
Starting in December, selected participants will reportedly be able to use tokenized deposits to make payments at domestic supermarkets and convenience stores. This initiative is part of a comprehensive usability test for a wholesale central bank digital currency (CBDC), conducted by the Bank of Korea (BOK) in collaboration with six major commercial banks. Basically, the BOK will issue CBDC to banks, which will then convert it into deposit tokens for use by consumers at designated retail locations. 100,000 individuals have been selected for the pilot, and participating banks are forming partnerships with retail outlets and developing dedicated digital platforms.
·koreatimes.co.kr·
Digital tokens to hit Korean supermarkets in December
Bank of Canada reportedly shelves idea for digital Loonie
Bank of Canada reportedly shelves idea for digital Loonie
The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) reported that the Bank of Canada has shifted its focus away from the idea of introducing a retail central bank digital currency (CBDC). This was based on an email sent by the Bank to the public broadcaster, which outlined its "significant research towards understanding the implications of a retail central bank digital currency" and that going forward its focus will be on preparing for the ongoing evolution of payments both in Canada and around the world, through policy research and analysis. Other than a steady stream of research papers on the topic, the last time the Bank released anything official on its digital loonie project was in November 2023. That was a report on public consultations that said that the "likelihood of a digital loonie being needed is still uncertain, and the ultimate decision whether to go ahead with one depends on the Parliament". https://www.bankofcanada.ca/2023/11/what-we-heard-bank-of-canada-publishes-report-on-digital-dollar-consultations-outlines-further-engagement-plans/
·cbc.ca·
Bank of Canada reportedly shelves idea for digital Loonie
RBA and Treasury on CBDC and the future of digital money in Australia
RBA and Treasury on CBDC and the future of digital money in Australia
The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) and the Australian Treasury published a report summarizing their research to date on central bank digital currency (CBDC) and their current assessment of CBDC issues in Australia. It concludes that a clear public interest case to issue a retail CBDC has yet to emerge, as Australians are generally well served by the capabilities and resilience of the current retail payments system. However, the report highlights the role that wholesale CBDC, alongside other forms of digital money and infrastructure upgrades, could play in enhancing the functioning of wholesale markets. Hence, the report also sets out a three-year roadmap for future work on digital money in Australia, including Project Acacia, which will explore opportunities to uplift the efficiency, transparency and resilience of wholesale markets through tokenization and new settlement infrastructure.
·rba.gov.au·
RBA and Treasury on CBDC and the future of digital money in Australia
OMFIF Digital Assets 2024 Report: The Long-Awaited Revolution
OMFIF Digital Assets 2024 Report: The Long-Awaited Revolution
The Official Monetary and Financial Institutions Forum (OMFIF) published its annual survey-based digital assets report. 26 survey respondents comprised of bond issuers, banks and investors, the majority of which were public sector bond issuers, indicated a slow but steady gathering of momentum behind the adoption of blockchain and distributed ledger technology (DLT). About 38% said they are looking at adopting them in debt issuance. Central bank digital currency (CBDC) was chosen by 59% of respondents as the preferred cash settlement for tokenized assets, with only 23% favoring bank-issued stablecoins (e.g., tokenized deposits). The OMFIF results regarding settlement assets differ greatly from those of a recent, more private-sector focused, Citibank survey, which found that 65% plan to use non-CBDC options, versus 15% who plan to use CBDCs. CBDCs were the preferred form of digital money at 52% in the previous year's survey. However, the Citibank survey respondents were comprised of 494 industry participants, 43% of which were banks, 15% custodians, 14% asset managers, 11% broker-dealers, and 10% institutional investors. https://www.citigroup.com/global/news/press-release/2024/digital-money-including-tokenized-deposits-on-the-uptick
·omfif.org·
OMFIF Digital Assets 2024 Report: The Long-Awaited Revolution
UK Regulated Liability Network (RLN) experimentation phase concludes
UK Regulated Liability Network (RLN) experimentation phase concludes
UK Finance released the results of the experimentation phase of the Regulated Liability Network (RLN) which explored the potential for tokenized deposits and programmability among eleven financial institutions. The overall conclusion was the RLN provides a viable innovation platform, and the next step is to engage with regulators. Five use cases were trialed, ranging from buying a home to the settlement of a tokenized bond, finding significant benefits and exploring various revenue models. It found 40 specific business benefits grouped into five higher level ones; (i) greater settlement efficiency, (ii) the ability to address authorized push payment fraud, (iii) simplifying customer journeys, (iv) reducing the cost of failed payments and (v) greater payment efficiencies. https://www.ukfinance.org.uk/policy-and-guidance/reports-and-publications/rln-reports-2024
·ledgerinsights.com·
UK Regulated Liability Network (RLN) experimentation phase concludes