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Euroclear joins HKMA’s Project Ensemble
Euroclear joins HKMA’s Project Ensemble
Euroclear has joined the Hong Kong Monetary Authority’s (HKMA) Project Ensemble, aimed at using wholesale central bank digital currency (CBDC) to settle interbank tokenized exposits and assets. As an Architecture Community member, Euroclear will contribute by developing a set of industry standards to support interoperability in Hong Kong's tokenization ecosystem.
#Fintech#Tokenization#Settlement#Euroclear#CBDC#wCBDC#HongKong#DFC
·euroclear.com·
Euroclear joins HKMA’s Project Ensemble
Certain stablecoins aren't securities, SEC says in new guidance
Certain stablecoins aren't securities, SEC says in new guidance
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission published a notice that deems that "covered stablecoins" are considered "non-securities" and exempt from the agency's transaction reporting requirements. Covered stablecoins are those that don't offer holders the right to receive any interest, profit, or other returns, don't reflect any investment or other ownership interest in the stablecoin issuer or any other third party, don't afford holders any governance rights with respect to the issuer or stablecoin, and/or don't provide holders with any financial benefit or loss based on the issuer or any third party’s financial performance. The SEC's criteria for covered stablecoins are consistent with regulations stipulated in the Senate's GENIUS stablecoin bill, and the House of Representatives' Stable Act of 2025. https://www.sec.gov/newsroom/speeches-statements/statement-stablecoins-040425
#Stablecoins#Regulation#UnitedStates#CryptoAssets#Fintech#DFC
·cointelegraph.com·
Certain stablecoins aren't securities, SEC says in new guidance
Binance-Backed FDUSD Stablecoin Loses Dollar Peg Following Justin Sun Accusations
Binance-Backed FDUSD Stablecoin Loses Dollar Peg Following Justin Sun Accusations
The First Digital USD (FDUSD) stablecoin lost its U.S. dollar peg after Tron founder Justin Sun claimed that its issuer, First Digital Trust, is effectively insolvent. First Digital Trust denied the allegation, saying that its stablecoin is backed one-to-one with U.S. Treasuries. FDUSD, which is prominently used by Binance after it dropped support for its own BUSD USD stablecoin in 2023, plunged as low as $0.95 in the wake of the allegations. Despite its small market capitalization (about $2.5 billion), it's trading volume is second only to Tether (market cap of about $144 billion) and ahead of USDC ($60 billion).
#CryptoAssets#Fintech#Stablecoins#Binance#DFC#FDUSD
·decrypt.co·
Binance-Backed FDUSD Stablecoin Loses Dollar Peg Following Justin Sun Accusations
Ripple integrates RLUSD into Ripple Payments
Ripple integrates RLUSD into Ripple Payments
Ripple has integrated its enterprise-grade Ripple USD (RLUSD) USD-denominated stablecoin into its Ripple Payments cross-border payments solution. RLUSD allows enterprises to facilitate instant settlement of cross-border payments, access liquidity for remittance and treasury operations, integrate with decentralized finance (DeFi) protocols, bridge between traditional fiat currencies and the crypto ecosystem, and provide collateralization for trading tokenized real-world assets on-chain. Since launching in December 2024, RLUSD is nearing $250 million in market capitalization and $10 billion in trading.
#CryptoAssets#Fintech#RLUSD#Ripple#Stablecoins#DFC
·ripple.com·
Ripple integrates RLUSD into Ripple Payments
Can Stablecoins Reshape Global Finance?
Can Stablecoins Reshape Global Finance?
Stablecoin circulation has exceeded $215 billion globally as of Q1 2025, with on-chain transaction volume hitting $5.6 trillion in 2024—equivalent to 40% of Visa’s payments volume. Tether (USDT) and USD Coin (USDC) remain the giants – with ~$140B and ~$55B circulating respectively – but their combined ~90% share in 2024 is slowly diluting as new issuers emerge. Notably, PayPal USD (PYUSD) launched in late 2023, FDUSD (First Digital USD) out of Hong Kong, Agora’s AUSD,Ethena’s USDe, and others like TrueUSD (TUSD) and DAI collectively make up the remaining ~10%. By 2030, stablecoins are expected to be integral to global finance, especially in cross-border payments, B2B transactions, and digital asset settlement.
#CryptoAssets#Fintech#Stablecoins#DFC
·insights4vc.substack.com·
Can Stablecoins Reshape Global Finance?
Stablecoin Update Mar 2025
Stablecoin Update Mar 2025
Stablecoin supply continues to hit all time highs of $230 billion, up 68% Y/Y. Supply continues to increase despite the overall crypto market cap being down YTD. Q1 2025 was a record for stablecoin launches and was the first time 100 stablecoins have over $10mn in supply. Majority of stablecoins launched are crypto or fiat backed as DeFi shifts away from algorithmic backed stablecoins.
#Stablecoins#CryptoAssets#Fintech#DFC
·docs.google.com·
Stablecoin Update Mar 2025
Safeguarding consumers’ access to cash in the digital economy
Safeguarding consumers’ access to cash in the digital economy
The OECD published a paper that presents the impact of digitalization on access to cash and summarizes policies and measures enacted to ensure access to and acceptance of cash. Governments around the world are reacting to this decline by putting in place laws and regulations to protect access to cash for citizens. A few countries , such as New Zealand, have gone further to trial new mechanisms for operating in a 'less cash' environment, such as using multi-bank ATMs; reducing distances to shared ATMs ('smart placement');local cash recycling capabilities. Australia and UK are integrating Post Offices into their cash networks. But as cash is likely to be round for several decades, new approaches will be needed, such as rationalization of denominations and ATMs that recycle cash (which already exist but are not widely used), more use of stored value cards (SVCs), to provide 'change'.
#Cash#Fintech#OECD#DFC
·oecd.org·
Safeguarding consumers’ access to cash in the digital economy
Interoperability of Blockchain Systems and the Future of Payments
Interoperability of Blockchain Systems and the Future of Payments
The New York Fed published research that provides empirical evidence of limited interoperability in crypto-asset markets. It examined the price relation between native and bridged USDC and USDT stablecoins on multiple blockchains and bridges. Stablecoins are good candidates for studying interoperability because they are nonspeculative by design (each is intended to represent $1), and in principle, a bridged representation of an asset represents value that is identical to the original asset. A higher degree of interoperability in blockchain systems would allow traders to compress any divergence in prices between stablecoins and their bridged representations and push the correlation between the prices of two stablecoins closer to one. However, it found surprisingly high price variation across all of them, suggesting limited interoperability.
#Fintech#CryptoAssets#Stablecoins#Interoperability#DFC
·libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org·
Interoperability of Blockchain Systems and the Future of Payments
UAE Central Bank Reveals Digital Dirham Symbol, Targets Late 2025 Launch
UAE Central Bank Reveals Digital Dirham Symbol, Targets Late 2025 Launch
The Central Bank of the UAE (CBUAE) unveiled the official symbol for its blockchain-based Digital Dirham central bank digital currency (CBDC). Issuance is expected to take place in the last quarter of 2025 for retail sector. The Digital Dirham, underpinned by Federal Decree-Law No. (54) of 2023, is set to become a legal tender, ensuring its acceptance across all payment outlets and channels alongside physical currency. https://www.centralbank.ae/media/ckkp3s3f/cbuae-unveils-new-dirham-symbol-en.pdfAccording to R3, Corda will serve as the underlying infrastructure for cross-border payments implementation. https://www.linkedin.com/posts/r3cev-llc_uae-to-launch-cbdc-in-q4-2025-ledger-insights-activity-7313831113041301504-jpU_/
#Fintech#CBDC#UAE#DFC#R3
·news.bitcoin.com·
UAE Central Bank Reveals Digital Dirham Symbol, Targets Late 2025 Launch
BCB releases report on Drex POC Phase 1
BCB releases report on Drex POC Phase 1
Banco Central do Brasil (BCB) published a report on the main developments in the first phase of its Drex wholesale central bank digital currency (CBDC) proof-of-concept (POC) work, which took place between July 2023 and October 2024. (None of the Drex tests involved real clients or assets, but rather fictitious ones.) The report highlighted the trilemma of finding a solution that balances decentralization, programmability, and privacy issues at the same time, while being compliant to the Brazilian legal framework. I'm still digesting a Google Translate version (it's only available in Portuguese) of the 73-page report, and may come back with more detail later.
#Fintech#Brazil#Tokenization#CBDC#wCBDC#DFC#DepositTokens
·bcb.gov.br·
BCB releases report on Drex POC Phase 1
And so we pay: more digital and faster, with cash still in play
And so we pay: more digital and faster, with cash still in play
The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) Committee on Payment and Market Infrastructures (CPMI) published a brief that highlights key retail payment trends based on 2023 data collected from member jurisdictions. It demonstrates that the use, or volume, of cashless payment methods continued to grow in 2023 and that consumers increasingly choose to pay digitally for small value transactions. Although broad based, the growth in cashless payments was especially strong in emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs), driven by a sharp increase in the use of credit transfers (mostly fast payments) and e-money. It also finds that the uptake of fast payments is generally higher in jurisdictions with lower levels of cash in circulation and wider use of payment cards, especially for small payments. However, the demand for cash withdrawals generally remained stable compared with previous years.
And so we pay: more digital and faster, with cash still in play
#Cash#FastPayments#Payments#FinTech#BIS#CPMI#DFC
·bis.org·
And so we pay: more digital and faster, with cash still in play
Wyoming Governor Expects State to Issue Its Own Stablecoin by July
Wyoming Governor Expects State to Issue Its Own Stablecoin by July
Wyoming plans launch its own U.S. dollar-backed stablecoin as soon as July 2025. The WYST token will be fully backed by US Treasuries, cash and repurchase agreements, and maintain a statutory requirement of no less than 102% capitalization. The income generated through interest income on the reserve assets will be used to fund education and infrastructure. They have been tested on Avalanche, Solana, Ethereum, Arbitrum, Optimism, Polygon, and Base testnets. in collaboration with token issuance partner LayerZero. https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/WYGOV/bulletins/3d8d97a
#CryptoAssets#Fintech#Stablecoins#UnitedStates#Wyoming#DFC
·bloomberg.com·
Wyoming Governor Expects State to Issue Its Own Stablecoin by July
Senator Cruz introduces companion bill to prohibit the Fed from issuing a CBDC
Senator Cruz introduces companion bill to prohibit the Fed from issuing a CBDC

U.S. Senator Ted Cruz introduced a bill on March 26, 2025 to prohibit the Federal Reserve from issuing a retail central bank digital currency (CBDC). The “Anti-CBDC Surveillance State Act,” would prohibit the Fed from offering certain products or services directly to American individuals, a key component of any retail CBDC. The Texas Republican’s bill is similarly worded to the bill introduced by Representative Tom Emmer to the House of Representatives on March 6. https://www.cruz.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/sen-cruz-introduces-bill-to-block-federal-reserve-from-issuing-central-bank-digital-currency

#CBDC#UnitedStates#Regulation#DFC#Fintech
·cointelegraph.com·
Senator Cruz introduces companion bill to prohibit the Fed from issuing a CBDC
Are CBDC projects moving forward without public buy-In?
Are CBDC projects moving forward without public buy-In?
The Warwick University Business School Gillmore Centre for Financial Technology published its response the Bank of England's central bank digital currency (CBDC) consultation. One of its main points was that, even with a strong policy case, a digital pound will only fulfill its purpose if people adopt it. In the United Kingdom, relatively strong retail payments landscape would present a challenge in this regard. However, two particular pain points suggest a pathway to adoption; merchant frustration over high card payment costs and lack of alternatives, and clunky person-to-person (P2P) payments. A digital pound is not the only solution here, but perhaps these concerns suggest a pathway to adoption. However, most consumers don’t directly bear payment costs (merchants) and prices typically remain the same regardless of the payment method, so there’s little direct incentive for users to switch, complicating adoption. And anxieties around CBDC privacy are ironic in the context of widespread reliance on payment systems that are not private, but maybe a CBDC with cash-like attributes could carve out a unique niche. https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/wbs/subjects/finance/gillmore/research/environment/the_gillmore_centre/
#CBDC#UnitedKingdom#Fintech#DFC
·finextra.com·
Are CBDC projects moving forward without public buy-In?
Custodia Bank partners Vantage for first US bank 'stablecoin' issuance
Custodia Bank partners Vantage for first US bank 'stablecoin' issuance
Custodia Bank has partnered with Texas community bank Vantage to mint, transfer and redeem a deposit token on the Ethereum blockchain. The reason for using quotes around the term “stablecoin” is because deposit tokens on a permissionless blockchain appear similar to stablecoins, but if they are purely backed by deposits and issued by a bank, then legally they are different. They’re simply a bank deposit using a different technology. With stablecoin laws progressing through Congress, both the House and Senate versions of the legislation exclude bank-issued tokens backed by deposits, precisely for this reason. https://x.com/caitlinlong_/status/1904523878195507299?s=46
#Fintech#Stablecoins#UnitedStates#Custodia#DepositTokens#DFC
·ledgerinsights.com·
Custodia Bank partners Vantage for first US bank 'stablecoin' issuance
Costs of Cash and Card Payments from a Consumer Perspective
Costs of Cash and Card Payments from a Consumer Perspective
The costs of payment methods for consumers are difficult to determine, not recorded in a harmonised manner on an international level and consequently vary significantly from country to country. For this reason, a separate study is necessary for Germany. As part of a representative survey conducted in 2023, households were asked about the costs they incurred when using various means of payment. Financial costs were recorded, including fees for account management, ATM cash withdrawals or for payment cards, as well as the financial impact in the case of loss or fraud. Non-monetary costs in the form of the time required and the costs of data disclosure were also included.
#Cash#Germany#Fintech#DFC
·bundesbank.de·
Costs of Cash and Card Payments from a Consumer Perspective
Digital Fiat Currency (DFC) Defined (ITU)
Digital Fiat Currency (DFC) Defined (ITU)
Digital fiat currency (DFC) is a tokenized, digital representation of a sovereign currency issued by an authorized public or private entity. When issued and distributed by a central bank or other monetary authority, it is a central bank digital currency (CBDC). If it is issued by a private entity, it may be e-money or another form of digital commercial bank money/private digital tokens/stablecoins, even if backed by central bank money.
#Fintech#CBDC#Stablecoins#DepositTokens#eMoney#DFC#ITU
·itu.int·
Digital Fiat Currency (DFC) Defined (ITU)
Could Digital Currencies Lead to the Disappearance of Cash?
Could Digital Currencies Lead to the Disappearance of Cash?
The IMF published the results of a study that employs a two-sided market model to examine how payment systems might respond to new currencies. Numerical simulations indicate that the success of a new currency hinges on a large-scale launch. However, even unsuccessful attempts could disrupt existing systems, potentially resulting in the elimination of cash. If cash plays a critical role as a safeguard, regulatory and monetary authorities should give due consideration to ensure its continued availability when payment innovations are introduced.
#Fintech#Cash#DFC
·imf.org·
Could Digital Currencies Lead to the Disappearance of Cash?
Canadians’ access to cash in 2023
Canadians’ access to cash in 2023
The Bank of Canada published the results of a study that evaluated Canadians' access to cash in 2023, updating previous metrics on travel distances to automated banking machines (ABMs) and financial institution (FI) branches with improved quality checks on ABM locations. Despite a small decrease in the number of ABMs and branches since 2019, overall access to cash has remained unchanged, with Canadians needing to travel an average distance of 2.0 kilometers from their home locations to reach the nearest ABM and 4.6 kilometers to reach the nearest FI branch. Rural Canadians continue to travel farther to access to cash, with an average travel distance of 3.9 km to the nearest ABM and 9.7 km to the nearest branch, highlighting the need for continued monitoring in rural areas.
#Canada#Cash#Fintech#DFC
·bankofcanada.ca·
Canadians’ access to cash in 2023
Wholesale, retail and multi-purpose digital shekel proposal (LinkedIn)
Wholesale, retail and multi-purpose digital shekel proposal (LinkedIn)
In a LinkedIn post, the Bank of Israel's Yoav Soffer discusses how the long-run plan for a prospective digital shekel would blur the distinction between retail and wholesale central bank digital currency (CBDC). Box 2 in the design paper published on March 3, 2025 rejects the notion that wholesale use cases (and users) and retail use cases (and users) cannot be served by one system. The proposed design offers the concept of a "multipurpose CBDC" – one reservoir of digital central bank money, available for all users and use cases in the economy – of course, with the adequate controls, risk management measures, and regulatory requirements attached to each type of user. https://boi.org.il/en/communication-and-publications/press-releases/3-3-25/
#CBDC#Fintech#Israel#wCBDC#DFC
·linkedin.com·
Wholesale, retail and multi-purpose digital shekel proposal (LinkedIn)
Update on the Bank of Israel digital shekel project
Update on the Bank of Israel digital shekel project
The Bank of Israel's Yoav Sofer provided an update on the digital shekel project, which he leads, in a couple of local media outlets. The project team want to finalize the plan by the end of 2026, after which they will present it to the Governor, who will decide whether to launch the digital shekel. The current thinking is that it would provide for an offline payment wallet by which it will be possible to set a certain amount in advance to be held by phone or prepaid card that can be used to make payments when there is no internet connection. It will also allow for anonymous payments up to a certain amount, both offline and online, in a way that will not even be accessible to payment service providers. The project team is also considering allowing the digital shekel to bear interest, which will create an incentive for banks to offer better interest rates on deposits, and push Bank of Israel policy rate changes out to the economy faster and more efficiently. See also https://www.makorrishon.co.il/
#CBDC#Fintech#Israel#DFC
·davar1.co.il·
Update on the Bank of Israel digital shekel project
Are stablecoins ready for payments?
Are stablecoins ready for payments?
Most closed loop systems can offer fast and seamless transactions. The real challenge in payments arises in open loops. They require clearing arrangements by which financial institutions accept monies from other institutions. To allow stablecoins to be used to conduct payments more generally, there needs to be clearing arrangements between stablecoins and banks. The viability of stablecoins will depend on its efficient operation in open loop applications. Whether they become a core payment instrument or remain niche will be an outcome in large part of their ability to bridge the gap between crypto ecosystems and the banking system. (Ousmène Jacques Mandeng)
#Fintech#Stablecoins#DepositTokens#CryptoAssets#DFC
·blogs.lse.ac.uk·
Are stablecoins ready for payments?
Bank of Korea to Begin CBDC Pilot in April
Bank of Korea to Begin CBDC Pilot in April
The Bank of Korea (BOK) will launch its wholesale central bank digital currency (CBDC) pilot next month (April 2025). Participants will be able to convert their bank deposits into tokenized deposits and use them for payments at affiliated merchants. The purpose of the distributed ledger technology (DLT) based wholesale CBDC is to settle the tokenized deposit transactions across the seven participating banks. Currently, interbank transfers are settled via transfers across banks' BOK reserve accounts. To recruit approximately 100,000 pilot participants for the experiment, the BOK reportedly plans to issue a public announcement by the end of this month (March 2025).https://www.bok.or.kr/portal/bbs/B0000502/view.do?nttId=10090447&menuNo=100847&pageIndex=1
#CBDC#Korea#Fintech#wCBDC#DepositTokens#DFC
·businesskorea.co.kr·
Bank of Korea to Begin CBDC Pilot in April
Senate Banking panel advances stablecoin bill
Senate Banking panel advances stablecoin bill
On 13 March, 2025, the U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs voted to advance the Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins (GENIUS) Act. In his opening remarks, Chairman Tim Scott (R-S.C.) said that the Act establishes common-sense rules that require stablecoin issuers to maintain reserves backed 1:1, comply with anti-money laundering laws, and ultimately protect American consumers while promoting the U.S. dollar’s strength in the global economy. Five Democrats on the panel — Sens. Mark Warner (Va.), Andy Kim (N.J.), Ruben Gallego (Ariz.), Lisa Blunt Rochester (Del.) and Angela Alsobrooks (Md.) — joined their Republican colleagues in voting to advance Sen. Bill Hagerty’s (R-Tenn.) stablecoin bill. The bill now heads to the Senate floor for consideration.https://www.banking.senate.gov/newsroom/majority/scott-advances-stablecoin-debanking-legislation-out-of-banking-committee
#Regulation#Stablecoins#Fintech#UnitedStates#CryptoAssets#DFC
·msn.com·
Senate Banking panel advances stablecoin bill
Private Law Aspects of Token-Based Central Bank Digital Currencies
Private Law Aspects of Token-Based Central Bank Digital Currencies
The IMF published a paper that presents a practical legal-analytical framework to assess how private law rules can be designed to support the wide circulation and safe holding of token-based central bank digital currency (CBDC) primarily intended for retail use. It follows a previous IMF working paper that examined the legal foundations of CBDC under central bank law and its treatment under monetary law—the main public law aspects of CBDC. A private law framework is also needed, because unlike account-based CBDC, token-based CBDC constitutes from the legal perspective a new form of money and hence raises a lot of challenges under private law. This legal nature will shape how token-based CBDC can be transferred, held in custody, “deposited” with commercial banks, and pledged. It is also be crucial that private law rules establish with certainty how ownership and other rights in token-based CBDC can be transferred between economic agents. In most jurisdictions, the private law regime for token-based CBDC will likely need to be augmented by a comprehensive legislative intervention to provide a sufficiently robust and predictable legal foundation for this new digital currency. In designing such a legislative framework, countries will need to consider carefully whether to anchor it in a broader framework for digital money or assets.
#CBDC#Legal#Fintech#IMF#DFC
·imf.org·
Private Law Aspects of Token-Based Central Bank Digital Currencies
Iraq moves towards issuing a central bank digital currency
Iraq moves towards issuing a central bank digital currency
The Iraqi News Agency (INA) reported that Muzhir Mohammad Saleh, the financial advisor to the Iraqi Prime Minister, said that the Central Bank of Iraq is planning to issue a digital currency (CBDC) as a "gradual alternative" to bank notes. He added that "digital cash will maintain its traditional functions as a unit of account, payments and savings, with the possibility of using it online and smart phones, which will contribute to developing a more stable and efficient financial environment."
#CBDC#Fintech#Iraq#DFC
·ina.iq·
Iraq moves towards issuing a central bank digital currency
Consumer attitudes towards a central bank digital currency
Consumer attitudes towards a central bank digital currency
The European Central Bank (ECB) published a paper that reported the results of a series of experiments in a population-representative survey of European consumers to examine their attitudes towards the possible introduction of a digital euro. The study found that test subjects who were shown a short video explaining the key features of the digital euro increases the likelihood of adoption by 12 percentage points relative to a control group that is not shown the video. Second, it found that test subjects would allocate a relatively small fraction from a positive wealth shock to digital euros and their allocation to other liquid assets would be little affected. Third, it found that holding limits in the range of €1,000 to €10,000 would have insignificant differential effects on the composition of liquid asset holdings. Lastly, 55% of test subjects said that they will not adopt the digital euro due to strong preferences for existing forms of payment.
#Fintech#CBDC#ECB#DFC
·ecb.europa.eu·
Consumer attitudes towards a central bank digital currency
South Korea to launch a CBDC pilot
South Korea to launch a CBDC pilot
The Bank of Korea will reportedly launch a three-month central bank digital currency (CBDC) pilot involving 100,000 consumers, as early as this month (March 2025). It will involve seven major commercial banks that will issue deposit tokens backed by CBDC, which consumers can use to make purchases at various participating merchants. The tokens, valued up to 1 million won per person, will be distributed through electronic wallets, allowing users to make payments by displaying QR codes.
#CBDC#Fintech#Korea#DFC#DepositTokens
·biz.chosun.com·
South Korea to launch a CBDC pilot
ECB targets October 2025 for digital euro rollout?
ECB targets October 2025 for digital euro rollout?
European Central Bank (ECB) President Christine LaGarde signaled an acceleration of the pace of its digital euro project. She also gave an October 2025 deadline to "put to reality this digital euro" after "campaigning enough with all the stakeholders – meaning the European Parliament, European Council, European Commission [to] complete the legislative process, without which we will not be able to move. The crypto press has taken October 2025 to be a prospective digital euro launch date, but that seems very unlikely to me. Surely "put to reality" means something more like preparing to pilot the new central bank digital currency (CBDC)?
#Fintech#CBDC#ECB#Eurozone#DFC
·ecb.europa.eu·
ECB targets October 2025 for digital euro rollout?
US Majority Whip Tom Emmer Reintroduces Anti-CBDC Legislation
US Majority Whip Tom Emmer Reintroduces Anti-CBDC Legislation
Congressman and Majority Whip Tom Emmer reintroduced his Anti-CBDC Surveillance State Act, to prevent the Federal Reserve from issuing a retail central bank digital currency (CBDC), unless it is issued on an open, permissionless, and private network. (Update: https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/1919
#UnitedStates#CBDC#Fintech#DFC
·emmer.house.gov·
US Majority Whip Tom Emmer Reintroduces Anti-CBDC Legislation