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Currency Wars in the Digital Age: CBDCs, Stablecoins and Mr Trump
Currency Wars in the Digital Age: CBDCs, Stablecoins and Mr Trump
Ousmène Jacques Mandeng published an essay that discusses the evolving landscape of international payments in the digital age, focusing on the potential shift from dollar dominance to a more diversified system driven by digital currencies like CBDCs, stablecoins, and tokenized deposits. It highlights how blockchain technology can enhance payment efficiency, reduce settlement risks, and lower barriers for smaller currencies to participate in global transactions. The author notes geopolitical tensions, such as U.S. resistance to BRICS currency initiatives, and argues that digital monies could reshape the international monetary system by altering the relative attractiveness of currencies. The essay concludes that blockchain-enabled financial infrastructures may foster currency competition, aligning with Friedrich Hayek's vision of stability through diversification, despite political challenges.
·economicsadvisory.com·
Currency Wars in the Digital Age: CBDCs, Stablecoins and Mr Trump
PwC study reveals that digital euro costs are running into billions
PwC study reveals that digital euro costs are running into billions
A study from PwC conducted on behalf of the European Banking Federation, the European Association of Co-operative Banks (EACB), and the European Savings and Retail Banking Group shows that the introduction of the digital euro could cost up to €30 billion for banks in the eurozone, even though – as currently conceived – it would not offer any recognizable added value for either consumers or businesses. The umbrella organizations of the Savings Banks Finance Group and the Volksbanken Raiffeisenbanken Cooperative Financial Network are therefore calling for closer collaboration with private initiatives in the European financial sector. https://www.pwc.de/de/finanzdienstleistungen/pwc-digital-euro-cost-study-2025.pdf
·bvr.de·
PwC study reveals that digital euro costs are running into billions
Drex will have a third phase focusing on improving credit quality
Drex will have a third phase focusing on improving credit quality
Banco Central do Brasil Executive Secretary Rogerio Antonio Lucca reportedly said that the Drex central bank digital currency (CBDC) proof-of-concept will have a third phase. He said the focus should be on creating collateral tokenization solutions so that banks can increase access to credit for their customers and reduce fees.
·valor.globo.com·
Drex will have a third phase focusing on improving credit quality
South Korea Unveils Digital Asset Basic Act for Stablecoin Issuance
South Korea Unveils Digital Asset Basic Act for Stablecoin Issuance
South Korea’s ruling Democratic Party has introduced the Digital Asset Basic Act, designed to regulate and promote the issuance of stablecoins by domestic companies with at least 500 million won in equity capital. The bill requires issuers to maintain reserves to guarantee refunds and obtain approval from the Financial Services Commission, shifting oversight away from the central bank to the financial regulator. This move, championed by newly elected President Lee Jae-myung, aims to boost transparency, foster competition, and keep national wealth within Korea by reducing reliance on foreign stablecoins, as trading volumes in the country have soared to 57 trillion won in early 2025.
·fintechnews.hk·
South Korea Unveils Digital Asset Basic Act for Stablecoin Issuance
Japan's CBDC pilot continues but launch remains uncertain
Japan's CBDC pilot continues but launch remains uncertain
Japan’s central bank is continuing its pilot program for a central bank digital currency (CBDC), known as the digital yen, but has no immediate plans to launch it, primarily due to the country’s ongoing high cash usage. The Bank of Japan’s recent progress report, discussed at a June 2 meeting, highlighted that seven working groups involving 64 private companies are exploring both technical and theoretical aspects of CBDC development, including integration with emerging technologies like distributed ledger technology (DLT). The pilot found that deploying a CBDC on a public blockchain is currently unfeasible due to scalability, privacy, and governance issues, though future possibilities such as layer 2 blockchains and permissioned blockchains for settling security token transactions are being considered. The research also compared APIs and webhooks for system communication, favoring webhooks for real-time updates and reduced system strain. While there are no immediate plans to issue a digital yen, the central bank will continue its research, leaving the door open for future developments.
·coingeek.com·
Japan's CBDC pilot continues but launch remains uncertain
The role of tokenized money & funds in cross-border transactions
The role of tokenized money & funds in cross-border transactions
VISA published an interim report on Phase 2 of the e-HKD Pilot Programme, an initiative by the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) to explore cross-border transactions using new forms of digital money including central bank digital currency (CBDC) and tokenized deposits. The pilot, involving VISA, ANZ, Fidelity International, and ChinaAMC Hong Kong, testis how Australia-based investors can purchase tokenized fund units from Hong Kong asset managers using e-HKD or tokenized deposits. The program aims to explore the potential of blockchain technology for near real-time settlements, enhanced interoperability between public and permissioned blockchains, and the establishment of token standards, ultimately seeking to accelerate digital asset adoption and improve the efficiency of fund management and cross-border payments.
·visa.com.sg·
The role of tokenized money & funds in cross-border transactions
Bank of Japan Digital Yen Project Update
Bank of Japan Digital Yen Project Update
The Bank of Japan (BoJ) published a progress report on its digital yen program, which involves seven working groups and 64 private companies through its central bank digital currency (CBDC) Forum. Unfortunately, only the Japanese version is currently available. The working groups are tackling different aspects of digital currency development through both technical implementation and theoretical research. https://www.boj.or.jp/paym/digital/dig250604a.pdf https://www.boj.or.jp/paym/digital/dig250523a.pdf https://www.boj.or.jp/paym/digital/dig250523b.pdf
·ledgerinsights.com·
Bank of Japan Digital Yen Project Update
Bolivian central bank aims to present a study on the viability of a CBDC
Bolivian central bank aims to present a study on the viability of a CBDC
At the Eighteenth Meeting of Bolivian Economists (18EEB) "Advances and Challenges of the Digital Economy" Banco Central de Bolivia (BCB) President Edwin Rojas Ulo announced that the central bank is conducting a feasibility study of the possibility of issuing a central bank digital currency (CBDC). The project will begin with the publication of an "Initial Diagnosis" consultative paper in August 2025. The President made it clear that the intent is not seek to replace cash or abruptly disrupt the national financial structure, but to "pave the way for responsible, inclusive, and sustainable innovation that strengthens our payment system and extends the benefits of digital money to the entire population."
·bcb.gob.bo·
Bolivian central bank aims to present a study on the viability of a CBDC
The Role of Stablecoins in European Financial Sovereignty
The Role of Stablecoins in European Financial Sovereignty
The Digital Euro Association (DEA) published a paper that examines how the growing $225 billion stablecoin market impacts European financial sovereignty across four critical dimensions: monetary, payments, regulatory, and digital sovereignty. With stablecoins processing over $7 trillion (adjusted volume) in the last 12 months, rivaling established payment networks, Europe sovereignty faces both opportunities and challenges. The research introduces a novel analytical framework and demonstrates that well-regulated euro stablecoins could strengthen European autonomy, while unmanaged foreign alternatives pose sovereignty challenges.
·home.digital-euro-association.de·
The Role of Stablecoins in European Financial Sovereignty
The Bank of Japan's Approach to General Purpose CBDC
The Bank of Japan's Approach to General Purpose CBDC
The Bank of Japan (BoJ) published the English version of the chapter in its 2024 Payment and Settlement Report on its approach to general-purpose central bank digital currency (CBDC). The BoJ is engaging with various stakeholders through the CBDC Forum and thematic working groups to discuss critical aspects such as system connections, overlay services, KYC/AML/CFT, new technologies, user interfaces, and interoperability with other payment instruments. The BoJ has progressed through multiple phases of experimentation since 2021, including two proof of concept phases that tested basic CBDC functions and ledger designs, followed since April 2023 by end-to-end system testing with private sector participation through the CBDC Forum. Key principles guiding the approach include maintaining a two-tiered system with private sector involvement, ensuring horizontal coexistence between CBDC and existing payment instruments (cash, bank deposits, digital money), protecting user privacy through separated system components, and achieving interoperability across different payment methods.
·boj.or.jp·
The Bank of Japan's Approach to General Purpose CBDC
Bank of Korea's CBDC project: a step toward new financial market infrastructure
Bank of Korea's CBDC project: a step toward new financial market infrastructure
[October 4, 2023] The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) published a report that outlines the Bank of Korea’s forthcoming wholesale central bank digital currency (CBDC) pilot, aimed at building a programmable and interoperable CBDC network to support a tokenized financial ecosystem. The pilot introduces a three-tiered structure of digital currencies—CBDC, tokenized deposits (DC-I), and CBDC-backed e-money (DC-II), with a fourth type (DC-III) used in connected systems for specific use cases. It seeks to improve payment efficiency through programmability (e.g., tokenized vouchers), promote delivery-versus-payment (DvP) for tokenized assets, and test interoperability mechanisms between platforms.
·bis.org·
Bank of Korea's CBDC project: a step toward new financial market infrastructure
Stablecoins and safe asset prices
Stablecoins and safe asset prices
The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) published a paper that examines the impact of dollar-backed stablecoin flows on short-term US Treasury yields using daily data from 2021 to 2025. The results of the empirical analysis suggest that a 2-standard deviation inflow into stablecoins lowers 3-month Treasury yields by 2-2.5 basis points within 10 days, with limited to no spillover effects on longer tenors. It also finds evidence of asymmetric effects: stablecoin outflows raise yields by two to three times as much as inflows lower them. Decomposing the yield impact by issuer shows that USDT (Tether) has the largest contribution followed by USDC (Circle), consistent with their relative size.
·bis.org·
Stablecoins and safe asset prices
Korea becomes testing ground for CBDC vs stablecoin supremacy battle
Korea becomes testing ground for CBDC vs stablecoin supremacy battle
Bank of Korea (BOK) Governor Rhee Chang-yong reportedly visited the nation's six largest banks to advocate for the central bank's two wholesale central bank digital currency (CBDC) projects, Project Hangang and Project Agorá, offering to cover a third of the costs for Project Hangang. This initiative coincides with these banks' plans to launch a joint stablecoin, highlighting a competitive landscape between public and private digital currencies. The BOK's strategy includes leveraging permissioned blockchains for tokenized deposits, contrasting with the banks' preference for permissionless blockchain-based stablecoins. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/business/20250527/bok-head-rhee-chang-yong-underscores-private-sector-cooperation-in-central-bank-led-digital-currency-project
·ledgerinsights.com·
Korea becomes testing ground for CBDC vs stablecoin supremacy battle
Reserve Bank of India CBDC Pilots Update
Reserve Bank of India CBDC Pilots Update

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) outlined its 2025–26 plans for its digital rupee central bank digital currency (CBDC) pilots in its 2024-25 Annual Report. In 2024-25 the pilots tested offline and programmable functionalities, including use cases such as direct benefit transfers, agricultural loans, and targeted employee allowances. These pilots have been extended to public schemes, like direct benefit transfers to farmers against generation of carbon credits and loans to tenant farmers in select locations. Looking ahead, discussions are ongoing with central and state agencies to scale programmable CBDC for defined-use fund transfers. Also, the RBI plans to explore both bilateral and multilateral cross-border CBDC pilots, especially given India’s role as a leading remittance recipient. The upcoming agenda also includes testing new designs, technologies, and use cases such as asset tokenization.

·rbidocs.rbi.org.in·
Reserve Bank of India CBDC Pilots Update
FCA seeks further views on stablecoins and crypto custody
FCA seeks further views on stablecoins and crypto custody
The UK Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) published a consultation paper that outlines a proposed regulatory framework for the issuance of fiat-referenced stablecoins and the custody of qualifying crypto-assets. The framework focuses on establishing clear rules to ensure the stability, transparency, and redemption rights of stablecoins, mandating that issuers back tokens 1:1 with secure, liquid assets held in statutory trust by independent custodians. Custodians must also segregate and safeguard client assets under trust arrangements. The proposals aim to enhance consumer protection, market integrity, and innovation, while aligning with global standards. The FCA plans further consultations on conduct, prudential, and governance standards, and encourages industry feedback by July 31, 2025.
·fca.org.uk·
FCA seeks further views on stablecoins and crypto custody
Circle Files IPO on NYSE at $6.7 Billion Valuation
Circle Files IPO on NYSE at $6.7 Billion Valuation
USDC stablecoin issuer Circle filed paperwork with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to offer 24 million shares for $24 to $26 each. The firm is targeting a $6.7 billion fully diluted valuation. Circle is expected to trade on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker CRCL. USDC was launched by Circle and Coinbase in 2018 via the Centre Consortium. Coinbase, which went public in 2021, took an equity stake in Circle in August 2023 amid the dissolution of the consortium. In April, Bloomberg reported that Ripple made a $4-5 billion offer for Circle, but was rebuffed due to the offer being too low. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20250526853758/en/Circle-Launches-Initial-Public-Offering
·decrypt.co·
Circle Files IPO on NYSE at $6.7 Billion Valuation
Competing digital monies
Competing digital monies
In a University of Toulouse School of Economics (TSE) working paper, Jon Frost (BIS), Jean-Charles Rochet, Huyn Song Shin (BIS), and Marianne Verdier analyzed the competition between three digital payment instruments: bank deposits, private stablecoins, and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). Using a theoretical model grounded in two-sided market economics, the authors explore how market structure and social welfare are affected by “walled gardens” (non-interoperable payment ecosystems) versus interoperable systems such as central bank-operated fast payment systems (FPS) or CBDCs. They find that both CBDCs and FPS can increase financial inclusion, raise trade volumes, and enhance welfare—though they may reduce the market share of traditional financial intermediaries and paradoxically lead to higher merchant fees due to decreased price elasticity. The paper concludes that, in many cases, a well-designed FPS may offer similar benefits to a retail CBDC, suggesting that countries with robust FPS infrastructure may not urgently need a CBDC.
·tse-fr.eu·
Competing digital monies
USDF Consortium Reportedly Shuttered
USDF Consortium Reportedly Shuttered
The USDF Consortium, launched in 2022 to create a US dollar stablecoin-based interbank payment system on a permissionless blockchain, has reportedly closed down. The original idea was that its USDF tokens would be redeemable at any of the participant community banks. The banks involved were New York Community Bank, Synovus, Bank, Sterling National Bank, FirstBank, and NBH Bank. Under regulatory pressure, it moved to a private chain until it became clear that regulators still didn’t want it to proceed and so it reportedly shuttered late last year. However, its website (usdfconsortium.com) is currently displaying a "maintenance mode is on... site will be available soon" message, so maybe it's not so dead?
·ledgerinsights.com·
USDF Consortium Reportedly Shuttered
Big Banks Explore Venturing Into Crypto World Together With Joint Stablecoin
Big Banks Explore Venturing Into Crypto World Together With Joint Stablecoin
According to the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) a consortium of the biggest U.S. banks, including Bank of America, Citigroup JP Morgan Chase, and Wells Fargo, are in the early conceptual stages of exploring issuing a joint stablecoin. Early Warning Services, the operator of the Zelle peer-to-peer payment system, and The Clearing House payments network, are also reportedly involved. Early Warning Services, which runs the Zelle instant payments system, is owned by Bank of America, Capital One, JP Morgan Chase, PNC Bank, Truist, U.S. Bank and Wells Fargo. The Clearing House is owned by 22 banks which include the same ones as Early Warning Services, but also Bank of New York, Citigroup and many international banks such as Barclays, Deutsche Bank, HSBC and Santander.
·wsj.com·
Big Banks Explore Venturing Into Crypto World Together With Joint Stablecoin
Second MOF/BOJ Interim Report on a Japanese CBDC
Second MOF/BOJ Interim Report on a Japanese CBDC
Japan's Ministry of Finance (MOF) published the second interim report of the joint task force with various government ministries and the Bank of Japan (BOJ) on central bank digital currency (CBDC). The primary focus is on three main themes; (i) the legal framework (private law), (ii) privacy and data utilization, and (iii) the roles and division of labor with private payment systems. (In Japanese)
·mof.go.jp·
Second MOF/BOJ Interim Report on a Japanese CBDC
Hong Kong passes stablecoin bill, one step closer to issuance
Hong Kong passes stablecoin bill, one step closer to issuance
Hong Kong's legislature passed the Stablecoin Bill that establishes a licensing regime for fiat-referenced stablecoin issuers in Hong Kong, providing regulatory clarity for upcoming stablecoin issuers. Under the new regime, any person who issues stablecoins in Hong Kong - or issues stablecoins backed by Hong Kong dollars, whether within or outside the city - must obtain a license from the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA). The relevant parties must satisfy the requirements in areas such as reserve asset management and redemption, including proper segregation of client assets, maintaining a robust stabilization mechanism, and processing stablecoin holders’ requests for redemption at par value with reasonable conditions. They must also comply with requirements in relation to anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing, risk management, disclosure and auditing, and fitness and propriety. The ordinance is expected to come into effect by the end of 2025. https://www.news.gov.hk/eng/2025/05/20250521/20250521_170205_430.html
·reuters.com·
Hong Kong passes stablecoin bill, one step closer to issuance
Designing the Future of Money: The Case for Multiple CBDCs
Designing the Future of Money: The Case for Multiple CBDCs
Banco de la República Colombia (BRC) published a paper that explores how central banks can optimize the design of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) by introducing multiple variants with varying degrees of anonymity and interest rates. The authors examine the trade-offs between anonymity and security and assess the welfare outcomes in economies with and without cash. They find that when anonymity-related externalities (e.g., illicit activity) are high, a cashless society with multiple optimally designed CBDCs maximizes welfare. Even when anonymity costs are absent, a cashless system with one additional CBDC still outperforms systems retaining cash. The study emphasizes the flexibility of multiple CBDCs in tailoring monetary instruments to diverse user preferences while minimizing societal costs, and argues that careful CBDC design can enhance financial stability and efficiency more effectively than static cash-based systems.
·banrep.gov.co·
Designing the Future of Money: The Case for Multiple CBDCs
Stablecoin Self-Regulation
Stablecoin Self-Regulation
The paper "Stablecoin Self-Regulation" by Federal Reserve Board (FRB) Principal Economist Francesca Carapella proposes a self-enforcing, market-based alternative to traditional regulation for addressing the fragility of stablecoin issuers. It models an economy where stablecoins and banks coexist, both facing limited commitment to redeem liabilities. To mitigate this, the author introduces a voluntary, two-part mechanism: (1) a loss mutualization fund and (2) costly one-period membership titles that issuers must purchase to insure their obligations. This structure aligns with how central counterparties (CCPs) manage risk. The paper finds that this self-regulatory approach can improve financial stability more effectively than current legislative proposals, which often ignore the indirect impact of regulation on traditional financial institutions and lack key disciplining features. Notably, integrating stablecoin issuers under bank regulation may reduce banks' incentive to offer insured deposits, potentially increasing systemic risk.
·papers.ssrn.com·
Stablecoin Self-Regulation
What Characteristics Make Countries Endeavor CBDC Projects?
What Characteristics Make Countries Endeavor CBDC Projects?
Communications of the Association for Information Systems (CAIS) published a study that investigates the factors that drive countries to develop central bank digital currency (CBDC) projects. The research combines quantitative analysis of data from 68 countries with a qualitative analysis of CBDC white papers. The findings indicate that a country's political regime, economic freedom, and perceived corruption significantly influence its decision to develop CBDCs. Specifically, countries with more autocratic political systems, less economic freedom, and higher perceived corruption are more likely to pursue CBDC projects.https://www.ntu.ac.uk/about-us/news/news-articles/2025/05/political-motives-behind-global-adoption-of-central-bank-digital-currency-revealed-in-new-study
·aisel.aisnet.org·
What Characteristics Make Countries Endeavor CBDC Projects?
Enabling Central Bank Money Settlement and Collateral Eligibility for DLT-based Securities
Enabling Central Bank Money Settlement and Collateral Eligibility for DLT-based Securities
The Association for Financial Markets in Europe (AFME) published a paper outlining two critical steps needed to scale distributed ledger technology (DLT) in capital markets in the European Union. First is the urgent need for a settlement solution for tokenized assets using central bank money. Secondly, AFME wants to see tokenized securities being considered eligible as collateral when banks borrow money from their central bank.
·afme.eu·
Enabling Central Bank Money Settlement and Collateral Eligibility for DLT-based Securities
Open source software and central bank digital currency
Open source software and central bank digital currency

The Linux Foundation Decentralized Trust (LFDT) published a report on open source development’s role in central bank projects, and examples of the tech in action in CBDC implementations around the world. LFDT is the umbrella organization launched in September 2024 for the open development of a broad range of ledger, identity, security, interoperability, scale, implementation, and related technologies at the Linux Foundation. It encompasses the growing portfolio of Hyperledger projects and hosts new open source software, communities, standards, and specifications that are critical to the macro shift toward decentralized systems of distributed trust. https://www.lfdecentralizedtrust.org/announcements/linux-foundation-decentralized-trust-launches-with-17-projects-100-founding-members

·lfdecentralizedtrust.org·
Open source software and central bank digital currency
Reserve Bank of Australia Project Acacia WCBDC Update
Reserve Bank of Australia Project Acacia WCBDC Update

The Digital Finance Cooperative Research Centre (DFCRC), a joint enterprise of the Australian Treasury, Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA), academic institutions, banks and other Australian private sector financial organizations, published an update on its wholesale central bank digital currency (CBDC) backed tokenized deposit experiments. There are currently about five proof-of-concept and about twenty pilot tokenization experiments being considered, and they are considering four different networks for the CBDC, one of them being public permissioned (Redbelly). On the private permissioned side, they are looking at Ethereum (or EVM-compatible), Hedera, and R3 Corda.

·dfcrc.com.au·
Reserve Bank of Australia Project Acacia WCBDC Update
Stablecoin Sector Analysis
Stablecoin Sector Analysis
Coinmetrics published a report that report that examines the stablecoin sector, now over $230 billion in total market cap, and break down the wide range of stablecoin types, reserve models, issuing entities, and blockchain networks facilitating their use. It maps the evolving stablecoin landscape, identify key use cases, and assess the opportunities and risks that lie ahead.
·coinmetrics.substack.com·
Stablecoin Sector Analysis
Bolivian central bank considering CBDC issuance
Bolivian central bank considering CBDC issuance
Banco Central de Bolivia (BCB) reportedly confirmed that it is looking into the possibility of issuing a digital boliviano at its XVIII "Monetary Policy in the Digital Age" conference. BCB President Edwin explained that technical workshops have already been held with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), as part of the establishment of an operational base for a future digital version of the national currency. The main motivations would be to improve the efficiency of the payment system, promote financial inclusion and maintain monetary stability and digital sovereignty in the face of expanding interest in cryptocurrencies and stablecoins. https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?ref=watch_permalink&v=674885951958688&rdid=aRWlAELsNdPpMCLo
·paymentmedia.com·
Bolivian central bank considering CBDC issuance
Stripe accelerates the utility of stablecoins
Stripe accelerates the utility of stablecoins
Stripe launched Stablecoin Financial Accounts, new money management capabilities powered by stablecoins, which will be accessible to businesses in 101 countries. This comes three months after Stripe completed its acquisition of stablecoin platform Bridge. With these new accounts, businesses will be able to hold a balance in stablecoins, receive funds on both crypto and fiat rails (like ACH and SEPA), and send stablecoins almost anywhere in the world. These accounts will allow entrepreneurs in countries with volatile currencies to hedge against inflation and more easily access the global economy. Stripe will start by supporting two dollar-denominated stablecoins—USDC and Bridge’s USDB—and plans to add others over time.
·stripe.com·
Stripe accelerates the utility of stablecoins