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CBDC and the Cashless Economy: The African Experience
CBDC and the Cashless Economy: The African Experience
Nigeria's CBDC experience shows that the widespread adoption of digital currencies and the transition to 100% cashless economies, will be difficult. The benefits of adopting CBDC may be outweighed by negative aspects, especially the lack of trust and acceptance by citizens. Politicians focus on highlighting the advantages of digital currencies. However, the example of Nigeria proves that people are well aware of the dangers of depriving them of cash, and thus freedom and privacy. An attempt to impose top-down control over the monetary sphere could trigger unrest and violent social protests with political and economic, and even systemic, consequences that are difficult to predict.
·ersj.eu·
CBDC and the Cashless Economy: The African Experience
ENaira CBDC Benefits, Risks, and Lessons
ENaira CBDC Benefits, Risks, and Lessons
This paper identifies the benefits and risks of issuing CBDC drawing on Nigeria's eNaira experience. It notes that issuing a CBDC in Nigeria offers many benefits, including expanding financial inclusion, cash management cost-reduction, improving tax collection, boosting cross-border trade and remittances, and engendering economic growth. It also discusses some potential risks that policymakers must consider while highlighting some insightful lessons from the issuance and adoption of the eNaira in Nigeria.
·papers.ssrn.com·
ENaira CBDC Benefits, Risks, and Lessons
Swift begins beta tests of CBDC connector
Swift begins beta tests of CBDC connector
SWIFT is working with three central banks, including the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) and the National Bank of Kazakhstan, and 30 financial institutions on beta tests of an experimental method for interlinking central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) with existing fiat infrastructures. In addition, SWIFT has started a second phase of sandbox testing, with commercial banks, central banks and financial market infrastructures exploring uses such as trigger-based payments for digital trade platforms, foreign exchange models, delivery vs. payment and liquidity saving mechanisms. three central banks and monetary authorities. https://www.swift.com/news-events/press-releases/swift-advances-cbdc-innovation-interlinking-solution-begins-beta-testing
·finextra.com·
Swift begins beta tests of CBDC connector
NIST Stablecoin Report Highlights Security and Stability Concerns
NIST Stablecoin Report Highlights Security and Stability Concerns
The US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) published a report on stablecoin security considerations. These include unauthorized or arbitrary minting; vulnerability in smart contract codes leading to the theft of the stablecoin’s on-blockchain reserves, the malicious hacking or updating of smart contract codes, denial-of-service attacks on the data oracles that provide the smart contracts with off-blockchain information, and attacks on the underlying blockchain. The stability and trust issues the report identifies vary based upon the stablecoin use case, as well as the kind of marketplace that the stablecoins are traded upon. https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ir/2023/NIST.IR.8408.pdf
·jdsupra.com·
NIST Stablecoin Report Highlights Security and Stability Concerns
There are now two types of PayPal dollars, and one is better than the other
There are now two types of PayPal dollars, and one is better than the other
Interestingly, JP Koning shows that of the two types of U.S. dollar digital currencies now offered by Pay Pal, its PayPal USD (PYUSD) stablecoins are actually safer than its the traditional account offering. Better quality assets back PYUSD, they are ranked more senior to other creditors if PayPal goes kaput in most states, and they are disclosed more transparently. Notably, PayPal's regular accounts are regulated piecemeal under each U.S. states' own peculiar version of a money transmitter license, that can almost always be legally backed by riskier assets, and typically do not require that they be held in trust solely for the benefit of customers. [See also Don Awrey's "Bad Money": https://www.cornelllawreview.org/2020/12/01/bad-money/]
·jpkoning.blogspot.com·
There are now two types of PayPal dollars, and one is better than the other
Project Sela demonstrates that retail CBDC can support access, cyber security and competition, while retaining cash features
Project Sela demonstrates that retail CBDC can support access, cyber security and competition, while retaining cash features
Project Sela, a joint experiment conducted by the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) and the Israeli and Hong Kong central banks, showed that a retail central bank digital currency (CBDC) ecosystem can combine accessibility, competition and preventative cyber security, while retaining key advantages of physical cash. In Sela, the retail CBDC ledger is operated by the central bank without compromising end user privacy as personal identifiers are obfuscated. Retail payments are therefore settled directly on the central bank's balance sheet in a privacy-preserving manner, meaning instant finality for transactions.
·bis.org·
Project Sela demonstrates that retail CBDC can support access, cyber security and competition, while retaining cash features
Hungary for fintech: an interview with the Central Bank of Hungary’s Anikó Szombati
Hungary for fintech: an interview with the Central Bank of Hungary’s Anikó Szombati
Global Government Fintech published an interview with Magyar Nemzeti Bank's (MNB's)  Anikó Szombati on the central bank's financial innovation agenda. She made particular mention of the MNB's private blockchain-based non-fungible token (NFT) issuance and the associated mobile application platform.  The first series of NFTs were based on six collector versions of a five forint coin. Users obtain the NFTs by solving quizzes. By collecting NFTs containing all six letters of the word ‘forint’, users were able to participate in a prize game in which they could win special physical coin sets. The MNB is now working with SODA (Sovereign Official Digital Association) on a bridging operation between the current private blockchain and a public blockchain.
·globalgovernmentfintech.com·
Hungary for fintech: an interview with the Central Bank of Hungary’s Anikó Szombati
EU's ECB Faces Opposition to Digital Euro Plans That Threaten to Slow CBDC Project
EU's ECB Faces Opposition to Digital Euro Plans That Threaten to Slow CBDC Project
"Proponents of a digital euro are facing political opposition to their plans for a central bank digital currency (CBDC) – and technocratic central bankers aren’t sure how to respond... That opposition can start with legitimate concerns over privacy and the limits of government power – but can also venture into conspiracy theories that paint CBDCs as part of a much wider, orchestrated program of state control. 'We can assure people you are not traced and we can prove it with audits and whatever, but if outside of the system people start talking about this and convincing each other on social media … then that is a big blow.”'"
·coindesk.com·
EU's ECB Faces Opposition to Digital Euro Plans That Threaten to Slow CBDC Project
India's CBDC Has 1.5M Users, 300K Merchants, Says RBI Chief
India's CBDC Has 1.5M Users, 300K Merchants, Says RBI Chief
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) reportedly provided an update on its central bank digital currency (CBDC) pilot that started in the wholesale segment in November 2022, followed by a pilot in the retail segment in December. The trial has been rolled out to approximately 1.5 million users, and is is being operated through 13 banks in 26 cities, and over 300,000 merchants as of end-August 2023. The RBI has enabled full interoperability with Unified Payments Interface (UPI) QR codes. Moreover, the RBI is likely to launch a CBDC pilot for transactions for interbank borrowing or call money market by October 2023.
·news.bitcoin.com·
India's CBDC Has 1.5M Users, 300K Merchants, Says RBI Chief
Idemia partners with Airtel Payments Bank and HMD Global
Idemia partners with Airtel Payments Bank and HMD Global
IDEMIA has partnered with Airtel Payments Bank and HMD Global to expand the reach of offline CBDC payments in India. The firms will focus on working together in order to launch an offline payment system in the next couple of months. The new product is set to facilitate the use of the digital INR on featured phones and devices, with the objective of driving financial inclusion. IDEMIA will provide its technology and services in order to provide an offline layer to ensure that the transactions of customers are instant and secure without the need for any kind of online validation.
·thepaypers.com·
Idemia partners with Airtel Payments Bank and HMD Global
Circle wanted to create a financial revolution. Instead, it’s losing the stablecoin wars to Tether
Circle wanted to create a financial revolution. Instead, it’s losing the stablecoin wars to Tether
Fortune magazine published a behind-the-scenes account of Circle's Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) trials and tribultations. Circle's management "devised a plan A, B, and C. The first failed when Circle’s attempted wire to get out its deposits didn’t go through. [They] remained optimistic that the government would guarantee its deposits—plan B. In case that didn’t work out, the executives spent the weekend negotiating deals with companies who would buy Circle’s SVB holdings for $0.85 on the dollar, which, along with Circle’s own balance sheet, would be enough to restore USDC’s reserves."
·fortune.com·
Circle wanted to create a financial revolution. Instead, it’s losing the stablecoin wars to Tether
Circle says its USDC stablecoin was as diversified as possible. Is that accurate?
Circle says its USDC stablecoin was as diversified as possible. Is that accurate?
Circle has "no remorse" over its decision to hold $3.3B at SVB. It was "as diversified as possible" and blames banking for its woes, which is "extremely difficult" for crypto firms. However, Circle's stablecoin competitor, Paxos, didn't have single-bank exposure. As the screenshot below shows, $185.5 million worth of deposits held to back Paxos's USDP stablecoin were spread over thousands of banks using deposit placement networks like IntraFi, and were thus insured by the government. For the remainder, Paxos obtained $72 million worth private insurance. Only $10.9 million in deposits were effectively unprotected, a small 1.3% sliver of USDP's total assets. Rather than keeping 8% of its assets lodged at a second tier bank without insurance, why didn't Circle follow Paxos's risk reduction strategy?
·jpkoning.blogspot.com·
Circle says its USDC stablecoin was as diversified as possible. Is that accurate?
Hong Kong expands trial of China's digital yuan to more banks
Hong Kong expands trial of China's digital yuan to more banks
Hong Kong is reportedly actively testing China’s digital yuan and has entered the second phase of technical testing to incorporate a predominant local payment system. The Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) and the People’s Bank of China (PBOC) have completed the initial technical tests for cross-border payments using the digital yuan in Hong Kong. Currently, they are conducting the second phase of the technical trial, involving more Hong Kong banks and testing the digital yuan wallet’s top-up function through the Faster Payment System.
·theblock.co·
Hong Kong expands trial of China's digital yuan to more banks
Palau to freeze USD-backed stablecoin after PoC launch in July
Palau to freeze USD-backed stablecoin after PoC launch in July
Palau is wrapping up its US dollar stablecoin (PSC) proof-of-concept (PoC) on September 8, 2023, just over a month after launch in July that was slated to run for three months. Following the distribution halt, PSC will also be frozen after September 15, becoming unavailable for spending by users. The government will send a survey to PoC participants, the results of which will be critical to developing the final report for the Palau Congress and the president, and ultimately deciding whether to move forward with the next phase of the stablecoin program. https://twitter.com/JHX_1138/status/1699650336581882041
·cointelegraph.com·
Palau to freeze USD-backed stablecoin after PoC launch in July
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas selects technology for CBDC project
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas selects technology for CBDC project
[September 7, 2023] The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) has selected Hyperledger Fabric as the distributed ledger technology (DLT) for its Project Agila (formerly known as Project CBDCPh) wholesale central bank digital currency (CBDC) sandbox tests. Project Agila aims to orient the BSP and participating financial institutions on CBDC technology solutions that have the potential to enhance the country's large-value payment system. By the end of Project Agila, the participants are expected to have a clearer understanding of CBDC technology and assess the capability of wholesale CBDCs to foster advancements in the large-value payment system. [February 12, 2024 update: The BSP dropped the blockchain solution and will use the technology that underpins the Philippine Payment and Settlement System (PhilPaSSplus), the country's real time gross settlement payment system. https://www.ledgerinsights.com/philippines-wholesale-cbdc-two-years-no-blockchain/]
·bsp.gov.ph·
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas selects technology for CBDC project
IMF reports on Saudi Arabia's CBDC exploration
IMF reports on Saudi Arabia's CBDC exploration
The IMF in its Saudi Arabia 2023 Article IV staff report reported on the Saudi Central Bank (SAMA) central bank digital currency (CBDC) explorations. Through Project Aber, SAMA was one of the first central banks to experiment with domestic and cross-border wholesale CBDC. Leveraging the lessons of the experiment, SAMA is continuing to explore wholesale CBDC use cases. SAMA is undertaking a three-phased approach (evaluation, testing, implementation), allowing for ongoing assessment at each stage, against which the future roadmap will continue to evolve.
·imf.org·
IMF reports on Saudi Arabia's CBDC exploration
Bank of Canada explores impact of quantum computing on CBDCs
Bank of Canada explores impact of quantum computing on CBDCs
The Bank of Canada has called in evolutionQ for a research project involving quantum-safe cybersecurity technologies for greenfield digital currencies. The Bank of Canada is exploring technologies and technical ecosystems that may inform decisions relating to the development of a potential digital loonie. The evolutionQ research will explore the impact of integrating quantum-safe encryption methods and crypto-agility as design goals for digital currencies. The code developed during the research will be released as open source to give developers and researchers the opportunity to explore the new cryptographic methods.
·newswire.ca·
Bank of Canada explores impact of quantum computing on CBDCs
Macau establishes digital currency as legal tender
Macau establishes digital currency as legal tender
A new law regulating Macau’s currency issuance has come into effect, giving digital currency the same legal status as traditional money in the Chinese special administrative region. The new legal framework, proposed by the Macau government, became effective on September 1, 2013 after being approved by the SAR’s legislative assembly in June. However, there is no timeline for the launch of a digital pataca central bank digital currency (CBDC).
·centralbanking.com·
Macau establishes digital currency as legal tender
UK RLN to experiment with digital pound as tokenized deposits
UK RLN to experiment with digital pound as tokenized deposits
The UK Regulated Liability Network (RLN) will experiment with a retail digital pound backed by tokenized bank deposits. Earlier in 2023, the RLN performed similar trials in the US involving several banks, Mastercard and the NY Fed. The RLN has separate partitions for the central bank and each bank, with interbank payments being settled on the central bank partition. The experiments will explore how the tokenized deposits could sit alongside a retail CBDC, how RLN could accommodate both forms of money on a single platform, how the functional equivalence of all retail digital money could be ensured, and if the RLN can provide a more effective platform for innovation. https://www.ukfinance.org.uk/policy-and-guidance/reports-and-publications/regulated-liability-network-uk-discovery-phase
·ledgerinsights.com·
UK RLN to experiment with digital pound as tokenized deposits
BIS and Reserve Bank of India announce winners of G20 TechSprint 2023
BIS and Reserve Bank of India announce winners of G20 TechSprint 2023

The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) announced the winners of the G20 TechSprint 2023 challenge. From the short list of 21 teams three winners for three problem statements were chosen: -Team Secretarium Ltd. from the UK won the category fon fighting money laundering, combating financing of terrorism, tax and sanctions evasion, with their solution on transaction monitoring and protecting anonymity and privacy using secure privacy technology. -Team Millicent Labs from the UK won the category for problem of improving liquidity in cross-border payments between emerging and developing countries' currencies, with their hybrid decentralised exchange for CBDCs, which features automated market makers and traditional order books, to optimise liquidity and reduce volatility risk. -Team Knox Networks from the US won the category for problem of developing multilateral cross-border CBDC platforms, with their multilateral CBDC solution based on File-Based Digital Assets (FBDAs).

·bis.org·
BIS and Reserve Bank of India announce winners of G20 TechSprint 2023
Customers of Indian banks can scan UPI QR code and pay via digital rupee
Customers of Indian banks can scan UPI QR code and pay via digital rupee
Growing numbers of Indian commercial banks have gone live with Unified Payments Interface (UPI) interoperability on the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) digital rupee central bank digital currency (CBDC) rupee app. With this move, the bank's customers will be able to scan any UPI QR code through the banks' digital rupee apps and pay for transactions. The UPI is the national payment portal operated by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), a division of the RBI. The NPCI provides the infrastructure for both the UPI and the digital rupee.
·cnbctv18.com·
Customers of Indian banks can scan UPI QR code and pay via digital rupee
China insists digital yuan be usable everywhere
China insists digital yuan be usable everywhere
Mu Changchun, the head of the People's Bank of China (PBOC) Digital Currency Research Institute, said that the digital yuan must be available for all retail scenarios, with standard QR codes being one of the first steps. He also wants to see wholesale payment systems becoming interoperable with the central bank digital currency (CBDC), and he envisions the digital yuan and smart contracts being used for securities transactions, enabling settlement on a delivery versus payment (DvP) or payment versus payment (PvP) basis. https://finance.eastmoney.com/a/202309032835731424.html
·ledgerinsights.com·
China insists digital yuan be usable everywhere
Recent CBDC Developments in Asia and Their Implications
Recent CBDC Developments in Asia and Their Implications
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) published a paper that analyzes the evolution of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) in Asia and the Pacific, assesses their potential risks and technical challenges, and shows their potential to improve cross-border payments and financial inclusion. It details various models and explores how China, Singapore, and Thailand are taking the lead. Outlining global developments and emerging trends, it shows why a robust digital infrastructure, strong public–private collaboration, and Fintech literacy are central to ensuring CBDCs help drive the transition to a digital economy.
·adb.org·
Recent CBDC Developments in Asia and Their Implications
How does post-quantum cryptography affect Central Bank Digital Currency?
How does post-quantum cryptography affect Central Bank Digital Currency?
Lars Hupel (G+D) and Makan Rafiee (secunet) circulated a paper that provides insight into the future of cryptography as it applies to CBDC. They first give an overview of classical cryptographic algorithms and what they are used for in the CBDC context. Then, they introduce the threats that quantum computing poses, as well as post-quantum algorithms that address those threats. Equipped with this, they can then examine the cryptography in use for CBDC implementations and match them to appropriate algorithms. Finally, they propose an opinionated framework for rolling updates, i.e., to put the earlier insights into practice.
·arxiv.org·
How does post-quantum cryptography affect Central Bank Digital Currency?
Enabling offline payment scalability
Enabling offline payment scalability
Lipis Advisors in partnership with Crunchfish released the fifth white paper in the "enabling offline payments in an online world” series. The new paper focuses on scalability, pointing out that the choice of hardware or software-based offline trusted environment can greatly impact the scalability features of offline payment systems. Software-based trusted environments are generally more scalable, because they don't require the distribution of physical components and may be updated more easily. However, in low-income countries where most potential users can't afford devices that support software-based trusted environments (i.e., smartphones), some combination of hardware- and software-based trusted environments should be implemented to ensure true scalability.
·crunchfish.com·
Enabling offline payment scalability
RBI to add support for NFC to India's UPI Lite digital wallet service
RBI to add support for NFC to India's UPI Lite digital wallet service
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) will add support for near-field communications (NFC) payments to the country’s Unified Payments Interface (UPI) Lite digital wallet, enabling users to conduct transactions on their smartphone when there is no internet or mobile connection. The RBI is adding the option to the stored value wallet, launched in September 2022, to “optimize processing resources for banks, thereby reducing transaction failures". https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=56174
·nfcw.com·
RBI to add support for NFC to India's UPI Lite digital wallet service
Tether's Stablecoin USDT 'Has a Peg Stability Problem', Claims Analyst
Tether's Stablecoin USDT 'Has a Peg Stability Problem', Claims Analyst
USDT has a peg stability problem compared to other stablecoins. Its redemption fee and minimum means it’s often rational for USDT holders to sell the token on the market rather than redeem it for USD with Tether. As liquidity has dwindled, the market is no longer able to absorb significant USDT selling. Tether charges a 0.1% fee for fiat withdrawals over $1,000, meaning that USDT is redeemable at $0.99, with the minimum fiat withdrawal or deposit set at $100,000. Another catch is that users have to pay a non-refundable amount of $150 for “verification,” which, according to Tether, “is intended to ensure that only those who are serious about establishing an account apply.”
·decrypt.co·
Tether's Stablecoin USDT 'Has a Peg Stability Problem', Claims Analyst
American's Trust in Government: 1958-2022
American's Trust in Government: 1958-2022
"Public trust in government remains low, as it has for much of the 21st century. Only two-in-ten Americans say they trust the government in Washington to do what is right “just about always” (2%) or “most of the time” (19%). Trust in the government has declined somewhat since last year, when 24% said they could trust the government at least most of the time."
·pewresearch.org·
American's Trust in Government: 1958-2022
CBDC: Inclusion of the 'Unbanked' or Illusion?
CBDC: Inclusion of the 'Unbanked' or Illusion?
The Durbin Amendment (Section 1075 of the 2010 Dodd‐​Frank Act) established price controls that made it more difficult for banks to offer low‐​cost accounts. Even from the perspective of merchants, one study found that the Durbin Amendment “had limited and unequal impact on reducing merchants’ costs… and it has produced unintended consequences for some merchants in terms of raising costs." https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship/2046/
·cato.org·
CBDC: Inclusion of the 'Unbanked' or Illusion?
Russia is ramping up its CBDC. Will Putin’s ‘robot ruble’ work?
Russia is ramping up its CBDC. Will Putin’s ‘robot ruble’ work?
"The ruble, in digital or paper form, will not replace the dollar, the euro, the pound, or the yen in cross-border transactions. In fact, as Russia seeks to de-dollarize its economy, a likely avenue will be using the yuan or digital yuan. Last October, Russia became the fourth largest yuan offshore clearing center in the world, and simultaneously, China was a part of the first actual cross-border digital currency transaction. Russia has also taken advantage of China’s broader currency settlement system for transactions with other countries, creating intractable dependencies in the long term. For the time being, robot rubles will accomplish very little for Russia’s burgeoning economic woes."
·atlanticcouncil.org·
Russia is ramping up its CBDC. Will Putin’s ‘robot ruble’ work?